feat(python)!: Scheduled removal of deprecated functionality

[stinodego]

Ref #13525

This does not include all deprecations, but it does include a good part of them. I left the slightly more complicated cases for a separate PR.

Changes

• Removed many functions and methods that were deprecated in 0.19.x, 0.20.0, or were marked for expedited removal. See complete list below.
• Removed many deprecated parameters that were renamed.
• Made some parameters keyword-only that were deprecated as such.

Additional PRs that removed deprecated functionality:

• feat(python)!: Scheduled removal of deprecated functionality (2) #16724
• feat!: Update date_range to no longer produce datetime ranges #16734
• feat(python)!: Removal of read_database_uri passthrough from read_database #16783

Removed functions/methods

Namespace	Function
global	apply
	cumfold
	cumreduce
	cumsum
	cumsum_horizontal
	map
DataFrame	apply
	frame_equal
	find_idx_by_name
	insert_at_idx
	replace
	replace_at_idx
	groupby
	groupby_dynamic
	groupby_rolling
	group_by_rolling
	shift_and_fill
	take_every
LazyFrame	apply
	map
	groupby
	groupby_dynamic
	groupby_rolling
	group_by_rolling
	shift_and_fill
	take_every
group_by	apply
Expr	is_first
	is_last
	is_not
	keep_name
	map_alias
	prefix
	suffix
	cumcount
	cummax
	cummin
	cumprod
	cumsum
	apply
	map
	rolling_apply
	clip_max
	clip_min
	map_dict
	shift_and_fill
	take
	take_every
Expr.list	count_match
	lengths
	take
Expr.str	count_match
	json_extract
	lengths
	ljust
	lstrip
	n_chars
	parse_int
	rjust
	rstrip
	strip
Expr.dt	days
	hours
	minutes
	seconds
	milliseconds
	microseconds
	nanoseconds
Series	series_equal
	view
	shift_and_fill
	take
	take_every
	set_at_idx
	clip_max
	clip_min
	cummax
	cummin
	cumprod
	cumsum
	map_dict
	apply
	rolling_apply
	is_boolean
	is_float
	is_integer
	is_numeric
	is_temporal
	is_utf8
	is_first
	is_last
Series.cat	set_ordering
Series.list	count_match
	lengths
	take
Series.str	count_match
	json_extract
	lengths
	ljust
	lstrip
	n_chars
	parse_int
	rjust
	rstrip
	strip
Series.dt	days
	hours
	minutes
	seconds
	milliseconds
	microseconds
	nanoseconds

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 81.44%. Comparing base (9912af0) to head (0a4b84f).
Report is 18 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #16715      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   81.49%   81.44%   -0.05%     
==========================================
  Files        1416     1413       -3     
  Lines      186880   186295     -585     
  Branches     3023     2816     -207     
==========================================
- Hits       152289   151723     -566     
+ Misses      34059    34040      -19     
  Partials      532      532              

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