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Sync with upstream @ 7b761858 #1052

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Fix typo in 8.3 (Shadow DOM)
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Fix possible typos in 1.3.6 (Polyfills and transpilers)
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Fix typo in 8.5 (Shadow DOM slots...)
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Replace unicode with Unicode all over the book
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907e6c8
Fix "polyfills" typo
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6a61c04
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935ed85
Fix typo in 9.7 (Escaping, special characters)
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Correct example in 9.14 (Lookahead and lookbehind)
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25 changes: 25 additions & 0 deletions 1-js/01-getting-started/1-intro/article.md
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
# 자바스크립트란?

<<<<<<< HEAD
자바스크립트(JavaScript)가 언어로서 지닌 특징에 대해 알아보겠습니다. 이어서 자바스크립트로 무엇을 할 수 있을지, 다른 기술들이 자바스크립트를 어떻게 활용하고 있는지도 이야기해 보겠습니다.
=======
Let's see what's so special about JavaScript, what we can achieve with it, and what other technologies play well with it.
>>>>>>> 7b76185892aa9798c3f058256aed44a9fb413cc3

## 정의

Expand All @@ -24,9 +28,15 @@

엔진의 종류는 다양한데, 엔진마다 특유의 코드네임이 있습니다. 아래처럼 말이죠.

<<<<<<< HEAD
- [V8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)) -- Chrome과 Opera에서 쓰입니다.
- [SpiderMonkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpiderMonkey) -- Firefox에서 쓰입니다.
- IE는 버전에 따라 'Trident'나 'Chakra'라 불리는 엔진을 사용합니다. 'ChakraCore'는 Microsoft Edge에 사용되며, 'SquirrelFish'는 Safari에 사용됩니다.
=======
- [V8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)) -- in Chrome and Opera.
- [SpiderMonkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpiderMonkey) -- in Firefox.
- ...There are other codenames like "Chakra" for IE, "ChakraCore" for Microsoft Edge, "Nitro" and "SquirrelFish" for Safari, etc.
>>>>>>> 7b76185892aa9798c3f058256aed44a9fb413cc3

위의 코드네임은 개발 관련 글에서 종종 언급되기 때문에 기억해 두는 것이 좋습니다. 본 튜토리얼에서도 해당 코드네임을 사용할 예정입니다. "X라는 기능은 V8에서만 지원합니다."라는 식으로 말이죠. 이런 문장을 만나면 Chrome과 Opera에서만 이 기능을 지원한다고 이해하시면 됩니다.

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -106,15 +116,30 @@

자바스크립트로 트랜스파일이 가능한 언어 몇 가지를 소개해 드리겠습니다.

<<<<<<< HEAD
- [CoffeeScript](http://coffeescript.org/)는 자바스크립트를 위한 'syntactic sugar'입니다. 짧은 문법을 도입하여 명료하고 이해하기 쉬운 코드를 작성할 수 있습니다. Ruby 개발자들이 좋아합니다.
- [TypeScript](http://www.typescriptlang.org/)는 개발을 단순화 하고 복잡한 시스템을 지원하려는 목적으로 '자료형의 명시화(strict data typing)'에 집중해 만든 언어입니다. Microsoft가 개발하였습니다.
- [Flow](http://flow.org/) 역시 자료형을 강제하는데, TypeScript와는 다른 방식을 사용합니다. Facebook이 개발하였습니다.
- [Dart](https://www.dartlang.org/)는 모바일 앱과 같이 브라우저가 아닌 환경에서 동작하는 고유의 엔진을 가진 독자적 언어입니다. Google이 개발하였습니다.
=======
- [CoffeeScript](http://coffeescript.org/) is a "syntactic sugar" for JavaScript. It introduces shorter syntax, allowing us to write clearer and more precise code. Usually, Ruby devs like it.
- [TypeScript](http://www.typescriptlang.org/) is concentrated on adding "strict data typing" to simplify the development and support of complex systems. It is developed by Microsoft.
- [Flow](http://flow.org/) also adds data typing, but in a different way. Developed by Facebook.
- [Dart](https://www.dartlang.org/) is a standalone language that has its own engine that runs in non-browser environments (like mobile apps), but also can be transpiled to JavaScript. Developed by Google.
- [Brython](https://brython.info/) is a Python transpiler to JavaScript that enables the writing of applications in pure Python without JavaScript.
- [Kotlin](https://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/js-overview.html) is a modern, concise and safe programming language that can target the browser or Node.
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이 외에도 자바스크립트로 트랜스파일 할 수 있는 언어는 다양합니다. 개발 언어로 이런 언어 중 하나를 택한다고 하더라도 자신이 무엇을 하고 있는지 이해하려면 결국엔 자바스크립트를 알아야 합니다.

## 요약

<<<<<<< HEAD
- 자바스크립트는 브라우저에서만 쓸 목적으로 고안된 언어이지만, 지금은 다양한 환경에서 쓰이고 있습니다.
- 오늘날 자바스크립트는 브라우저 환경에서 가장 널리 사용되는 언어로 자리매김하였습니다. HTML/CSS와 완전한 통합이 가능합니다.
- 자바스크립트로 '트랜스파일'할 수 있는 언어는 많습니다. 각 언어마다 고유한 기능을 제공하죠. 자바스크립트에 숙달한 뒤에 이 언어들을 살펴볼 것을 추천드립니다.
=======
- JavaScript was initially created as a browser-only language, but it is now used in many other environments as well.
- Today, JavaScript has a unique position as the most widely-adopted browser language with full integration in HTML/CSS.
- There are many languages that get "transpiled" to JavaScript and provide certain features. It is recommended to take a look at them, at least briefly, after mastering JavaScript.
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12 changes: 12 additions & 0 deletions 1-js/01-getting-started/2-manuals-specifications/article.md
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Expand Up @@ -13,20 +13,32 @@ ECMA-262명세서는 새로운 버전이 매년 나옵니다. 공식 버전이

갓 명세서에 등록된 기능이나 '등록되기 바로 직전'에 있는 기능(스테이지(stage)3 상태의 기능), 제안 목록은 <https://github.com/tc39/proposals>에서 확인할 수 있습니다.

<<<<<<< HEAD
본 튜토리얼의 [두 번째 대 단원](info:browser-environment)에서 브라우저와 관련된 명세서를 다룰 예정이므로, 만약 브라우저에서 돌아가는 기능을 구현하는 개발자라면 해당 내용을 확인해 보시기 바랍니다.
=======
Also, if you're developing for the browser, then there are other specifications covered in the [second part](info:browser-environment) of the tutorial.
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## 매뉴얼

<<<<<<< HEAD
- Mozilla 재단이 운영하는 **MDN JavaScript Reference**엔 다양한 예제와 정보가 있습니다. 특정 함수나 메서드에 대한 깊이 있는 정보를 얻고 싶다면 이 사이트가 제격입니다.
=======
- **MDN (Mozilla) JavaScript Reference** is the main manual with examples and other information. It's great to get in-depth information about individual language functions, methods etc.
>>>>>>> 7b76185892aa9798c3f058256aed44a9fb413cc3

링크는 다음과 같습니다. <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference>

<<<<<<< HEAD
위 사이트에 들어가서 원하는 내용을 직접 검색하는 것도 좋지만, 가끔은 검색 엔진을 이용해 내용을 찾는 게 더 나을 때도 있습니다. Google 검색 엔진에 접속해 'MDN [원하는 용어]'를 입력해 봅시다. `parseInt` 함수에 대한 정보를 얻고 싶다면 <https://google.com/search?q=MDN+parseInt> 같이 검색하는 식으로 말이죠.


- Microsoft가 운영하는 **MSDN**도 자바스크립트(해당 사이트에선 JScript라고 불립니다)와 관련된 광범위한 정보를 얻기에 좋은 사이트입니다. Internet Explorer에 관련된 정보를 찾고 싶다면 <http://msdn.microsoft.com/>에 방문해 보는 것을 추천합니다.

위에서 소개한 방법처럼 검색 엔진을 켜서 검색어에 'MSDN'을 붙이면 원하는 정보를 쉽게 찾을 수 있습니다. 'RegExp MSDN', 'RegExp MSDN jscript' 처럼 말이죠.
=======
Although, it's often best to use an internet search instead. Just use "MDN [term]" in the query, e.g. <https://google.com/search?q=MDN+parseInt> to search for `parseInt` function.
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## 호환성 표

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Expand Up @@ -8,7 +8,11 @@

대부분의 개발자는 Chrome이나 Firefox를 이용해 개발하는 걸 선호합니다. 두 브라우저에서 제공하는 개발자 도구가 굉장히 훌륭하기 때문이죠. 기타 브라우저들도 개발자 도구를 제공하고 독특한 기능이 있지만, 거의 Chrome이나 Firefox 기능을 '따라가는' 수준입니다. 그래서 개발자들은 Chrome이나 Firefox 중 '선호하는' 브라우저를 하나 택해 개발하다가 사용하고 있는 브라우저에 종속된 문제가 발생하면 다른 브라우저로 전환해 개발을 이어나가곤 합니다.

<<<<<<< HEAD
개발자 도구에서 지원하는 기능을 잘 활용하면 개발 효율이 상당히 올라갑니다. 이 챕터에선 개발자 도구를 열어 에러를 확인하고, 다양한 명령어를 입력해 보는 방법에 대해 소개하도록 하겠습니다.
=======
Developer tools are potent, they have many features. To start, we'll learn how to open them, look at errors, and run JavaScript commands.
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## Chrome

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Expand Up @@ -9,7 +9,11 @@

## 'script' 태그

<<<<<<< HEAD
`<script>` 태그를 이용하면 자바스크립트 프로그램을 HTML 문서 대부분의 위치에 삽입할 수 있습니다.
=======
JavaScript programs can be inserted almost anywhere into an HTML document using the `<script>` tag.
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예시:

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Expand Up @@ -6,7 +6,11 @@
let ourPlanetName = "Earth";
```

<<<<<<< HEAD
`planet`이라는 간단한 이름을 지어줘도 되지만, 이렇게 하면 어떤 행성(planet)을 언급하는 것인지 모호합니다. 변수명이 아주 길어지지 않는 이상, 설명을 좀 더 곁들어주는 것이 좋습니다.
=======
Note, we could use a shorter name `planet`, but it might not be obvious what planet it refers to. It's nice to be more verbose. At least until the variable isNotTooLong.
>>>>>>> 7b76185892aa9798c3f058256aed44a9fb413cc3

## 현재 방문자를 나타내는 변수 이름 짓기

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Expand Up @@ -81,11 +81,22 @@ const bigInt = 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890n;

`BigInt`형 숫자는 자주 쓰이지 않기 때문에 여기서 자세히 다루지 않고 별도의 챕터, <info:bigint>에서 설명드리겠습니다. 아주 큰 숫자를 사용해야하는 경우라면 해당 챕터를 참고해 주시기바랍니다.

<<<<<<< HEAD
```smart header="호환성 이슈"
이 글이 작성된 시점엔 Firefox, Chrome, Edge에서만 `BigInt`를 지원합니다. Safari, IE에선 지원하지 않습니다.
```

## 문자형
=======

```smart header="Compatibility issues"
Right now, `BigInt` is supported in Firefox/Chrome/Edge/Safari, but not in IE.
```

You can check [*MDN* BigInt compatibility table](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt#Browser_compatibility) to know which versions of a browser are supported.

## String
>>>>>>> 7b76185892aa9798c3f058256aed44a9fb413cc3

자바스크립트에선 문자열(string)을 따옴표로 묶습니다.

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -127,7 +138,11 @@ alert( "the result is ${1 + 2}" ); // the result is ${1 + 2} (큰따옴표는
```smart header="*글자형*은 없습니다."
일부 언어는 글자 하나를 저장할 때 쓰이는 자료형, '글자(character)'형을 따로 지원합니다. C 언어와 Java의 `char`가 대표적인 예입니다.

<<<<<<< HEAD
자바스크립트는 글자형을 지원하지 않습니다. `문자형`만 있을 뿐입니다. 여기엔 글자가 하나 혹은 여러 개 들어갈 수 있습니다.
=======
In JavaScript, there is no such type. There's only one type: `string`. A string may consist of zero characters (be empty), one character or many of them.
>>>>>>> 7b76185892aa9798c3f058256aed44a9fb413cc3
```

## 불린형
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -255,6 +270,7 @@ typeof alert // "function" (3)

자바스크립트에는 여덟 가지 기본 자료형이 있습니다.

<<<<<<< HEAD
- `숫자형` -- 정수, 부동 소수점 숫자 등의 숫자를 나타낼 때 사용합니다. 정수의 한계는 ±2<sup>53</sup> 입니다.
- `bigint` -- 길이 제약 없이 정수를 나타낼 수 있습니다.
- `문자형` -- 빈 문자열이나 글자들로 이뤄진 문자열을 나타낼 때 사용합니다. 단일 문자를 나타내는 별도의 자료형은 없습니다.
Expand All @@ -263,6 +279,16 @@ typeof alert // "function" (3)
- `undefined` -- `undefined` 값만을 위한 독립 자료형입니다. `undefined`는 할당되지 않은 값을 나타냅니다.
- `객체형` -- 복잡한 데이터 구조를 표현할 때 사용합니다.
- `심볼형` -- 객체의 고유 식별자를 만들 때 사용합니다.
=======
- `number` for numbers of any kind: integer or floating-point, integers are limited by <code>±(2<sup>53</sup>-1)</code>.
- `bigint` is for integer numbers of arbitrary length.
- `string` for strings. A string may have zero or more characters, there's no separate single-character type.
- `boolean` for `true`/`false`.
- `null` for unknown values -- a standalone type that has a single value `null`.
- `undefined` for unassigned values -- a standalone type that has a single value `undefined`.
- `object` for more complex data structures.
- `symbol` for unique identifiers.
>>>>>>> 7b76185892aa9798c3f058256aed44a9fb413cc3

`typeof` 연산자는 피연산자의 자료형을 알려줍니다.

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Expand Up @@ -30,8 +30,13 @@ result = prompt(title, [default]);
`default`
: 입력 필드의 초깃값(선택값)

<<<<<<< HEAD
```smart header="인수를 감싸는 대괄호 `[...]`의 의미"
`default`를 감싸는 대괄호는 이 매개변수가 필수가 아닌 선택값이라는 것을 의미합니다.
=======
```smart header="The square brackets in syntax `[...]`"
The square brackets around `default` in the syntax above denote that the parameter is optional, not required.
>>>>>>> 7b76185892aa9798c3f058256aed44a9fb413cc3
```

사용자는 프롬프트 대화상자의 입력 필드에 원하는 값을 입력하고 확인을 누를 수 있습니다. 값을 입력하길 원하지 않는 경우는 취소(Cancel) 버튼을 누르거나 `key:Esc`를 눌러 대화상자를 빠져나가면 됩니다.
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Expand Up @@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ true + false = 1
"$" + 4 + 5 = "$45"
"4" - 2 = 2
"4px" - 2 = NaN
7 / 0 = Infinity
" -9 " + 5 = " -9 5" // (3)
" -9 " - 5 = -14 // (4)
null + 1 = 1 // (5)
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Expand Up @@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ true + false
"$" + 4 + 5
"4" - 2
"4px" - 2
7 / 0
" -9 " + 5
" -9 " - 5
null + 1
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Expand Up @@ -9,7 +9,11 @@ let b = "2"; // prompt("덧셈할 두 번째 숫자를 입력해주세요.", 2);
alert(a + b); // 12
```

<<<<<<< HEAD
예시가 제대로 동작하게 하려면 덧셈 연산 `+`가 수행되기 전에 문자열을 숫자로 변환해야 합니다. 이때 `Number()`를 사용하거나 변수 앞에 `+`를 붙여줄 수 있습니다.
=======
What we should do is to convert strings to numbers before `+`. For example, using `Number()` or prepending them with `+`.
>>>>>>> 7b76185892aa9798c3f058256aed44a9fb413cc3

아래 코드에선 `prompt` 함수 바로 앞에서 문자열을 숫자로 변환했습니다.

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Expand Up @@ -56,17 +56,34 @@ alert( 8 % 3 ); // 8을 3으로 나눈 후의 나머지인 2를 출력

## 거듭제곱 연산자 **

<<<<<<< HEAD
거듭제곱 연산자(exponentiation operator)를 사용한 `a ** b`를 평가하면 `a`를 `b`번 곱한 값이 반환됩니다.
=======
The exponentiation operator `a ** b` raises `a` to the power of `b`.

In school maths, we write that as a<sup>b</sup>.
>>>>>>> 7b76185892aa9798c3f058256aed44a9fb413cc3

예시:

```js run
<<<<<<< HEAD
alert( 2 ** 2 ); // 4 (2 * 2)
alert( 2 ** 3 ); // 8 (2 * 2 * 2)
alert( 2 ** 4 ); // 16 (2 * 2 * 2 * 2)
```

거듭제곱 연산자는 정수가 아닌 숫자에 대해서도 동작합니다. `1/2`을 사용하면 제곱근을 구할 수 있죠.
=======
alert( 2 ** 2 ); // 2² = 4
alert( 2 ** 3 ); // 2³ = 8
alert( 2 ** 4 ); // 2⁴ = 16
```

Just like in maths, the exponentiation operator is defined for non-integer numbers as well.

For example, a square root is an exponentiation by ½:
>>>>>>> 7b76185892aa9798c3f058256aed44a9fb413cc3

```js run
alert( 4 ** (1/2) ); // 2 (1/2 거듭제곱은 제곱근)
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -104,7 +121,16 @@ alert( 2 + '1' ); // "21"
alert(2 + 2 + '1' ); // '221'이 아니라 '41'이 출력됩니다.
```

<<<<<<< HEAD
연산은 왼쪽에서 오른쪽으로 순차적으로 진행되기 때문에 이런 결과가 나왔습니다. 두 개의 숫자 뒤에 문자열이 오는 경우, 숫자가 먼저 더해지고, 그 후 더해진 숫자와 문자열과의 병합이 일어납니다.
=======
Here, operators work one after another. The first `+` sums two numbers, so it returns `4`, then the next `+` adds the string `1` to it, so it's like `4 + '1' = '41'`.

```js run
alert('1' + 2 + 2); // "122" and not "14"
```
Here, the first operand is a string, the compiler treats the other two operands as strings too. The `2` gets concatenated to `'1'`, so it's like `'1' + 2 = "12"` and `"12" + 2 = "122"`.
>>>>>>> 7b76185892aa9798c3f058256aed44a9fb413cc3

이처럼 이항 덧셈 연산자 `+`는 문자열 연결과 변환이라는 특별한 기능을 제공합니다. 다른 산술 연산자가 오직 숫자형의 피연산자만 다루고, 피연산자가 숫자형이 아닌 경우에 그 형을 숫자형으로 바꾸는 것과는 대조적입니다.

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -180,7 +206,11 @@ alert( +apples + +oranges ); // 5

자바스크립트는 다양한 연산자를 제공하는데, 이 모든 연산자엔 우선순위가 매겨져 있습니다. 우선순위 숫자가 클수록 먼저 실행됩니다. 순위가 같으면 왼쪽부터 시작해서 오른쪽으로 연산이 수행됩니다.

<<<<<<< HEAD
아래는 [우선순위 테이블(precedence table)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en/JavaScript/Reference/operators/operator_precedence)의 일부를 발췌한 표입니다. 순서를 기억할 필요는 없지만, 동일한 기호의 단항 연산자는 이항 연산자보다 우선순위가 더 높다는 것에 주목해 주시기 바랍니다.
=======
Here's an extract from the [precedence table](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Operator_Precedence) (you don't need to remember this, but note that unary operators are higher than corresponding binary ones):
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| 순위 | 연산자 이름 | 기호 |
| --- | ------ | --- |
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -214,7 +244,11 @@ alert( x ); // 5

`=`는 연산자이기 때문에 흥미로운 함축성을 내포하고 있습니다.

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자바스크립트에서 대부분의 연산자들은 값을 반환합니다. `+`와 `-`뿐만 아니라 `=` 역시 값을 반환하죠.
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All operators in JavaScript return a value. That's obvious for `+` and `-`, but also true for `=`.
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`x = value`을 호출하면 `value`가 `x`에 쓰여지고, 이에 더하여 *`value`가 반환됩니다*.

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- 오른쪽 시프트(RIGHT SHIFT) ( `>>` )
- 부호 없는 오른쪽 시프트(ZERO-FILL RIGHT SHIFT) ( `>>>` )

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비트 연산자는 저수준(2진 표현)에서 숫자를 다뤄야 할 때 쓰이므로 흔하게 쓰이진 않습니다. 웹 개발 시엔 이런 일이 자주 일어나지 않기 때문에 비트 연산자를 만날 일은 거의 없죠. 그렇긴 해도 암호를 다뤄야 할 땐 비트 연산자가 유용하기 때문에 때가 되면 MDN의 [비트 연산자](https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_Operators) 문서를 보시는 걸 추천합니다.
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These operators are used very rarely, when we need to fiddle with numbers on the very lowest (bitwise) level. We won't need these operators any time soon, as web development has little use of them, but in some special areas, such as cryptography, they are useful. You can read the [Bitwise Operators](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Guide/Expressions_and_Operators#Bitwise) chapter on MDN when a need arises.
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## 쉼표 연산자

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