OpenOCD errors often look more complicated than the real problem.
Many failures are physical connection problems.
The OS may not see the ST-LINK, or permissions/drivers may be missing.
Check the platform README for Windows Device Manager, Linux lsusb / udev, or macOS System Information.
lsusb
OpenOCD sees the adapter but cannot connect to the VCU MCU.
Common causes:
SWDIO
SWCLK
GND
The flash completed but verification did not match.
Treat this seriously. Check wiring and do not assume the flash is good.
x3utils does not use unlock or mass erase in normal dump paths.
If the target is protected, dumping should fail safely rather than erase firmware.
Return to the simplest test: make option 2 complete a full dump reliably.
2
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