Wiki Reorg: Tx Fees (#6107)

* edits

* reorg text

* moved content

- to transaction page
- added redirect
- update sidebar

* added guides info

* final edits

* redirect kusama

docs/learn/learn-guides-transfers.md

@@ -200,6 +200,17 @@ selected does not support teleportation yet.
 
 ## Calculating Fees with Polkadot-JS
 
+To calculate fees you can go to Developer > Runtime Calls and select the following extrinsics:
+
+- `transactionPaymentApi.queryInfo`
+- `transactionPaymentApi.queryFeeDetails`
+
+and specify the `0x` prefixed hex call data and its length.
+
+![Fee details](../assets/fee-details.png)
+
+The sum of `baseFee`, `lenFee` and `adjustedWeightFee` will yield the `partialFee`.
+
 One useful utility for estimating transaction fees programmatically is the via the
 [@polkadot/api](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@polkadot/api). Check out the following script that
 logs some relevant fee information:

docs/learn/learn-transactions.md

@@ -10,8 +10,6 @@ slug: ../learn-transactions
 import RPC from "./../../components/RPC-Connection"; import Tabs from "@theme/Tabs"; import TabItem
 from "@theme/TabItem"; import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
 
-<DocCardList />
-
 ## Pallets and Extrinsics
 
 {{ polkadot: Polkadot :polkadot }}{{ kusama: Kusama :kusama }} is built using
@@ -119,6 +117,80 @@ it allows you to add an extra security step. There are
 [a multitude of possible attacks](../general/transaction-attacks.md) that will prevent you to send
 funds to the desired destination account.
 
+## Transaction Fees
+
+Storage and computation are limited resources in a blockchain network. Transaction fees prevent
+individual users from consuming too many resources.
+{{ polkadot: Polkadot :polkadot }}{{ kusama: Kusama :kusama }} uses a **weight-based fee model** as
+opposed to a gas-metering model. As such, fees are charged before transaction execution. Once
+the fee is paid, nodes will execute the transaction.
+
+Polkadot fees consist of three parts:
+
+- `Base fee`: a fixed fee applied to every transaction and set by the runtime.
+- `Length fee`: a fee that gets multiplied by the length of the transaction in bytes.
+- `Weight fee`: a fee for each varying runtime function. Runtime implementers must implement a
+   conversion mechanism that determines the corresponding currency amount for the calculated
+   weight.
+
+The final fee can be summarized as:
+
+```
+fee = base_fee + length_of_transaction_in_bytes * length_fee + weight_fee
+```
+
+where:
+
+Base fee: 1 milliDOT
+
+Length fee: 0.1 DOT per byte
+
+The weight-to-fee conversion is calculated as follows:
+
+```
+weight_fee = weight/1.26 * (10−8)
+```
+
+A weight of 126,000 nS is mapped to 1 mDOT. This fee will always be, at most, the max size of an unsigned 128-bit integer.
+
+See [the Polkadot specification]( https://spec.polkadot.network/id-weights#id-definitions-in-polkadot) and [the Substrate documentation](https://docs.substrate.io/build/tx-weights-fees/) for more details.
+
+### Fee Multiplier
+
+{{ polkadot: Polkadot :polkadot }}{{ kusama: Kusama :kusama }} can add an additional fee to
+transactions if the network becomes too busy and starts to decelerate the system. This additional fee is known as the `Fee Multiplier` and its value is defined by the
+{{ polkadot: Polkadot :polkadot }}{{ kusama: Kusama :kusama }} runtime. The multiplier compares the saturation of blocks; if the previous block is less saturated than the current block
+(implying an uptrend in usage), the fee is slightly increased. Similarly, the fee is decreased if the previous block is more
+saturated than the current block (implying a downtrend in usage).
+
+The multiplier can
+create an incentive to avoid the production of low-priority or insignificant transactions. In
+contrast, those additional fees will decrease if the network calms down and transactions can be executed without overheads.
+
+The final fee is calculated as follows:
+
+```
+final_fee = fee * fee_multiplier
+```
+
+See [the documentation about the Polkadot specifications](https://spec.polkadot.network/id-weights#id-fee-multiplier) for more details.
+
+### Other Resource Limitation Strategies
+
+Transaction weight must be computable before execution and can only represent fixed
+logic. Some transactions warrant limiting resources with other strategies. For example:
+
+- Bonds: Some transactions, like voting, may require a bond that will be returned or
+  [slashed](./learn-offenses.md) after an on-chain event. In the voting example, returned at the end
+  of the election or slashed if the voter tried anything malicious.
+- Deposits: Some transactions, like setting an [identity](learn-identity.md) or claiming an index,
+  use storage space indefinitely. These require a deposit to be returned if the user decides
+  to clear their identity and free the storage.
+- Burns: A transaction may burn funds internally based on its logic. For example, a transaction may
+  burn funds from the sender if it creates new storage entries, thus increasing the state size.
+- Limits: Some limits are part of the protocol. For example, nominators can only nominate 16
+  validators. This limits the complexity of [Phragmén](learn-phragmen.md).
+
 ## Parachain Transactions
 
 The transactions that take place within

kusama-guide/docusaurus.config.js

@@ -121,6 +121,10 @@ module.exports = {
             to: '/docs/kusama-getting-started',
             from: ['/docs/kusama-index']
           },
+          {
+            to: '/docs/learn-transactions',
+            from: ['/docs/learn-transaction-fees']
+          },
         ],
         createRedirects: function (existingPath) {
           if (existingPath.startsWith('/docs/')) {

polkadot-wiki/docusaurus.config.js

@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ module.exports = {
           },
           {
             to: '/docs/learn-transactions',
-            from: ['/docs/learn-transactions-index', '/docs/learn-extrinsics', '/docs/learn-balance-transfers']
+            from: ['/docs/learn-transactions-index', '/docs/learn-extrinsics', '/docs/learn-balance-transfers', '/docs/learn-transaction-fees']
           },
           {
             to: '/docs/alpha-program',

polkadot-wiki/sidebars.js

@@ -281,18 +281,7 @@ module.exports = {
                 "learn/learn-proxies-pure",
               ],
             },
-            {
-              type: "category",
-              label: "Transactions",
-              description: 'Extrinsics, Balance Transfers, and Fees.',
-              link: {
-                type: 'doc',
-                id: "learn/learn-transactions",
-              },
-              items: [
-                "learn/learn-transaction-fees",
-              ],
-            },
+            "learn/learn-transactions",
             {
               type: "category",
               label: "Staking",