Add EitherT docs

docs/src/main/resources/microsite/data/menu.yml

@@ -144,6 +144,10 @@ options:
     url: datatypes/optiont.html
     menu_type: data
 
+  - title: EitherT
+    url: datatypes/eithert.html
+    menu_type: data
+
   - title: State
     url: datatypes/state.html
     menu_type: data

docs/src/main/tut/datatypes/eithert.md

@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+---
+layout: docs
+title:  "EitherT"
+section: "data"
+source: "core/src/main/scala/cats/data/EitherT.scala"
+scaladoc: "#cats.data.EitherT"
+---
+# EitherT
+
+`Either` can be used for error handling in most situations. However, when
+`Either` is placed into effectful types such as `Option` or`Future`, a large
+amount of boilerplate is required to handle errors. For example, consider the
+following program:
+
+```tut:book
+import scala.util.Try
+import cats.syntax.either._
+
+def parseDouble(s: String): Either[String, Double] =
+  Try(s.toDouble).map(Right(_)).getOrElse(Left(s"$s is not a number"))
+
+def divide(a: Double, b: Double): Either[String, Double] =
+  Either.cond(b != 0, a / b, "Cannot divide by zero")
+
+def divisionProgram(inputA: String, inputB: String): Either[String, Double] =
+  for {
+    a <- parseDouble(inputA)
+    b <- parseDouble(inputB)
+    result <- divide(a, b)
+  } yield result
+
+divisionProgram("4", "2") // Right(2.0)
+divisionProgram("a", "b") // Left("a is not a number")
+```
+
+Suppose `parseDouble` and `divide` are rewritten to be asynchronous and return
+`Future[Either[String, Double]]` instead. The for-comprehension can no longer be
+used since `divisionProgram` must now compose `Future` and `Either` together,
+which means that the error handling must be performed explicitly to ensure that
+the proper types are returned:
+
+```tut:silent
+import scala.concurrent.ExecutionContext.Implicits.global
+import scala.concurrent.Future
+
+def parseDoubleAsync(s: String): Future[Either[String, Double]] =
+  Future.successful(parseDouble(s))
+def divideAsync(a: Double, b: Double): Future[Either[String, Double]] =
+  Future.successful(divide(a, b))
+
+def divisionProgramAsync(inputA: String, inputB: String): Future[Either[String, Double]] =
+  parseDoubleAsync(inputA) flatMap { eitherA =>
+    parseDoubleAsync(inputB) flatMap { eitherB =>
+      val parseResult = for {
+        a <- eitherA
+        b <- eitherB
+      } yield (a, b)
+
+      parseResult match {
+        case Right((a, b)) => divideAsync(a, b)
+        case l@Left(err) => Future.successful(Left(err))
+      }
+    }
+  }
+```
+
+Clearly, the updated code is less readable and more verbose: the details of the
+program are now mixed with the error handling. In addition, as more `Either`s
+and `Futures` are included, the amount of boilerplate required to properly
+handle the errors will increase dramatically.
+
+## EitherT
+
+`EitherT[F[_], A, B]` is a lightweight wrapper for `F[Either[A, B]]` that makes
+it easy to compose `Either`s and `F`s together. To use `EitherT`, values of
+`Either`, `F`, `A`, and `B` are first converted into `EitherT`, and the
+resulting `EitherT` values are then composed using combinators. For example, the
+asynchronous division program can be rewritten as follows:
+
+```tut:silent
+import cats.data.EitherT
+import cats.implicits._
+
+def divisionProgramAsync(inputA: String, inputB: String): EitherT[Future, String, Double] =
+  for {
+    a <- EitherT(parseDoubleAsync(inputA))
+    b <- EitherT(parseDoubleAsync(inputB))
+    result <- EitherT(divideAsync(a, b))
+  } yield result
+
+divisionProgramAsync("4", "2").value // Future(Right(2.0))
+divisionProgramAsync("a", "b").value // Future(Left("a is not a number"))
+```
+
+Note that when `F` is a monad, then `EitherT` will also form a monad, allowing
+monadic combinators such as `flatMap` to be used in composing `EitherT` values.
+
+## From `A` or `B` to `EitherT[F, A, B]`
+
+To obtain a left version or a right version of `EitherT` when given an `A` or a
+`B`, use `EitherT.leftT` and `EitherT.rightT` (which is an alias for
+`EitherT.pure`), respectively.
+
+```tut:silent
+val number: EitherT[Option, String, Int] = EitherT.rightT(5)
+val error: EitherT[Option, String, Int] = EitherT.leftT("Not a number")
+```
+
+## From `F[A]` or `F[B]` to `EitherT[F, A, B]`
+
+Similary, use `EitherT.left` and `EitherT.right` to convert an `F[A]` or an `F[B]`
+into an `EitherT`. It is also possible to use `EitherT.liftT` as an alias for
+`EitherT.right`.
+
+```tut:silent
+val numberO: Option[Int] = Some(5)
+val errorO: Option[String] = Some("Not a number")
+
+val number: EitherT[Option, String, Int] = EitherT.right(numberO)
+val error: EitherT[Option, String, Int] = EitherT.left(errorO)
+```
+
+## From `Either[A, B]` or `F[Either[A, B]]` to `EitherT[F, A, B]`
+
+Use `EitherT.fromEither` to a lift a value of `Either[A, B]` into `EitherT[F, A, B]`.
+An `F[Either[A, B]]` can be converted into `EitherT` using the `EitherT` constructor.
+
+```tut:silent
+val numberE: Either[String, Int] = Right(100)
+val errorE: Either[String, Int] = Left("Not a number")
+val numberFE: List[Either[String, Int]] = List(Right(250))
+
+val numberET: EitherT[List, String, Int] = EitherT.fromEither(numberE)
+val errorET: EitherT[List, String, Int] = EitherT.fromEither(errorE)
+val numberFET: EitherT[List, String, Int] = EitherT(numberFE)
+```
+
+## From `Option[B]` or `F[Option[B]]` to `EitherT[F, A, B]`
+
+An `Option[B]` or an `F[Option[B]]`, along with a default value, can be passed to
+`EitherT.fromOption` and `EitherT.fromOptionF`, respectively, to produce an
+`EitherT`.
+
+```tut:book
+val myOption: Option[Int] = None
+val myOptionList: List[Option[Int]] = List(None, Some(2), Some(3), None, Some(5))
+
+val myOptionET = EitherT.fromOption[Future](myOption, "option not defined")
+val myOptionListET = EitherT.fromOptionF(myOptionList, "option not defined")
+```
+
+## Extracting an `F[Either[A, B]]` from an `EitherT[F, A, B]`
+
+Use the `value` method defined on `EitherT` to retrieve the underlying `F[Either[A, B]]`:
+
+```tut:book
+val errorT: EitherT[Future, String, Int] = EitherT.leftT("foo")
+
+val error: Future[Either[String, Int]] = errorT.value
+```