Add syntax for minimumBy/maximumBy/Option (#3084)

* `mimimumByOption` / `maximumByOption` on `Foldable`
  * `minumumBy` / `maximumBy` on `Reducible`

core/src/main/scala/cats/Foldable.scala

@@ -193,6 +193,34 @@ import Foldable.sentinel
   def maximumOption[A](fa: F[A])(implicit A: Order[A]): Option[A] =
     reduceLeftOption(fa)(A.max)
 
+  /**
+   * Find the minimum `A` item in this structure according to an `Order.by(f)`.
+   *
+   * @return `None` if the structure is empty, otherwise the minimum element
+   * wrapped in a `Some`.
+   *
+   * @see [[Reducible#minimum]] for a version that doesn't need to return an
+   * `Option` for structures that are guaranteed to be non-empty.
+   *
+   * @see [[maximumOptionBy]] for maximum instead of minimum.
+   */
+  def minimumOptionBy[A, B: Order](fa: F[A])(f: A => B)(implicit F: Foldable[F]): Option[A] =
+    F.minimumOption(fa)(Order.by(f))
+
+  /**
+   * Find the maximum `A` item in this structure according to an `Order.by(f)`.
+   *
+   * @return `None` if the structure is empty, otherwise the maximum element
+   * wrapped in a `Some`.
+   *
+   * @see [[Reducible#maximum]] for a version that doesn't need to return an
+   * `Option` for structures that are guaranteed to be non-empty.
+   *
+   * @see [[minimumOptionBy]] for minimum instead of maximum.
+   */
+  def maximumOptionBy[A, B: Order](fa: F[A])(f: A => B)(implicit F: Foldable[F]): Option[A] =
+    F.maximumOption(fa)(Order.by(f))
+
   /**
    * Get the element at the index of the `Foldable`.
    */

core/src/main/scala/cats/Reducible.scala

@@ -156,6 +156,22 @@ import simulacrum.typeclass
   def maximum[A](fa: F[A])(implicit A: Order[A]): A =
     reduceLeft(fa)(A.max)
 
+  /**
+   * Find the minimum `A` item in this structure according to an `Order.by(f)`.
+   *
+   * @see [[maximumBy]] for maximum instead of minimum.
+   */
+  def minimumBy[A, B: Order](fa: F[A])(f: A => B)(implicit F: Reducible[F]): A =
+    F.minimum(fa)(Order.by(f))
+
+  /**
+   * Find the maximum `A` item in this structure according to an `Order.by(f)`.
+   *
+   * @see [[minimumBy]] for minimum instead of maximum.
+   */
+  def maximumBy[A, B: Order](fa: F[A])(f: A => B)(implicit F: Reducible[F]): A =
+    F.maximum(fa)(Order.by(f))
+
   /**
    * Intercalate/insert an element between the existing elements while reducing.
    *

tests/src/test/scala/cats/tests/FoldableSuite.scala

@@ -192,6 +192,20 @@ abstract class FoldableSuite[F[_]: Foldable](name: String)(implicit ArbFInt: Arb
     }
   }
 
+  test(s"Foldable[$name].maximumBy/minimumBy") {
+    forAll { (fa: F[Int], f: Int => Int) =>
+      val maxOpt = fa.maximumOptionBy(f).map(f)
+      val minOpt = fa.minimumOptionBy(f).map(f)
+      val nelOpt = fa.toList.toNel
+      maxOpt should ===(nelOpt.map(_.maximumBy(f)).map(f))
+      maxOpt should ===(nelOpt.map(_.toList.maxBy(f)).map(f))
+      minOpt should ===(nelOpt.map(_.minimumBy(f)).map(f))
+      minOpt should ===(nelOpt.map(_.toList.minBy(f)).map(f))
+      maxOpt.forall(i => fa.forall(f(_) <= i)) should ===(true)
+      minOpt.forall(i => fa.forall(f(_) >= i)) should ===(true)
+    }
+  }
+
   test(s"Foldable[$name].reduceLeftOption/reduceRightOption") {
     forAll { (fa: F[Int]) =>
       val list = fa.toList