[c++] Fix sanitizer flags and move from an option to a config type

[jp-dark]

The builds using the SANITIZER option were missing the linker flags necessary to build. This PR adds those back in and moves enabling sanitizers to a config option. The new build types are enabled:

• ASAN: address sanitizer
• TSAN: thread sanitizer
• LSAN: leak sanitizer
• MSAN: memory sanitizer
• UBSAN: undefined-behavior sanitizer

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 83.33%. Comparing base (7381508) to head (c53d76a).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #3150      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   83.22%   83.33%   +0.10%     
==========================================
  Files          51       51              
  Lines        5462     5462              
==========================================
+ Hits         4546     4552       +6     
+ Misses        916      910       -6     

Flag	Coverage Δ
python	83.33% <ø> (+0.10%)	⬆️

Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. Click here to find out more.

Components	Coverage Δ
python_api	83.33% <ø> (+0.10%)	⬆️
libtiledbsoma	∅ <ø> (∅)

[johnkerl]

LGTM as long as the sanitizer is sanitizing

I defer to @nguyenv here ...

[johnkerl]

LGTM as long as the sanitizer is sanitizing

I defer to @nguyenv here ...

[teo-tsirpanis]

It might have been cleaner if the sanitizer was an option separate from the config, and either accept that it will work only in Debug mode, or enforce it by setting CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES to only Debug.

[jp-dark]

sc-53780