AI Agents for Computer Use

WARNING: THIS REPOSITORY IS DEPRECATED! Please visit the new repository at sagerpascal.github.io/agents-for-computer-use

An awesome list of computer control agents (GUI automation of desktop and mobile devices) 🚀.

Please have a look at our website for more information.

Repository Contents

• 📄 Paper: Link to Paper (arXiv.2501.16150)
• 🌐 Website: https://sagerpascal.github.io/agents-for-computer-use
• 🤖Agent Overview
• 📊 Datasets Overview

Agents

• **Abukadah et al. ** - [Mapping Natural Language Intents to User Interfaces through Vision-Language Models]
• **Bishop et al. ** - [Latent State Estimation Helps UI Agents to Reason]
• **Bonatti et al. ** - [Windows Agent Arena: Evaluating Multi-Modal OS Agents at Scale]
• **Branavan et al. ** - [Reinforcement Learning for Mapping Instructions to Actions]
• **Chae et al. ** - [Web Agents with World Models: Learning and Leveraging Environment Dynamics in Web Navigation]
• **Cheng et al. ** - [Seeclick: Harnessing gui grounding for advanced visual gui agents]
• **Cho et al. ** - [CAAP: Context-Aware Action Planning Prompting to Solve Computer Tasks with Front-End UI Only]
• **Deng et al. ** - [Mind2Web: Towards a Generalist Agent for the Web]
• **Deng et al. ** - [Mobile-Bench: An Evaluation Benchmark for LLM-based Mobile Agents]
• **Deng et al. ** - [On the Multi-turn Instruction Following for Conversational Web Agents]
• **Ding et al. ** - [MobileAgent: enhancing mobile control via human-machine interaction and SOP integration]
• **Dorka et al. ** - [Training a Vision Language Model as Smartphone Assistant]
• **Fereidouni et al. ** - [Search Beyond Queries: Training Smaller Language Models for Web Interactions via Reinforcement Learning]
• **Furuta et al. ** - [Exposing Limitations of Language Model Agents in Sequential-Task Compositions on the Web]
• **Furuta et al. ** - [Multimodal Web Navigation with Instruction-Finetuned Foundation Models]
• **Gao et al. ** - [ASSISTGUI: Task-Oriented Desktop Graphical User Interface Automation]
• **Guan et al. ** - [Intelligent Virtual Assistants with LLM-based Process Automation]
• **Guo et al. ** - [PPTC Benchmark: Evaluating Large Language Models for PowerPoint Task Completion]
• **Gur et al. ** - [A Real-World WebAgent with Planning, Long Context Understanding, and Program Synthesis]
• **Gur et al. ** - [Environment Generation for Zero-Shot Compositional Reinforcement Learning]
• **Gur et al. ** - [Learning to Navigate the Web]
• **Gur et al. ** - [Understanding HTML with Large Language Models]
• **He at al. ** - [WebVoyager: Building an End-to-End Web Agent with Large Multimodal Models]
• **Hong et al. ** - [CogAgent: A Visual Language Model for GUI Agents]
• **Humphreys et al. ** - [A data-driven approach for learning to control computers]
• **Iki et al. ** - [Do BERTs learn to use browser user interface? Exploring multi-step tasks with unified vision-and-language berts]
• **Jia et al. ** - [DOM-Q-NET: Grounded RL on Structured Language]
• **Kil et al. ** - [Dual-View Visual Contextualization for Web Navigation]
• **Kim et al. ** - [Language Models can Solve Computer Tasks]
• **Koh et al. ** - [Tree Search For Language Model Agents]
• **Lai et al. ** - [AutoWebGLM: Bootstrap And Reinforce A Large Language Model-based Web Navigating Agent]
• **Lee et al. ** - [Explore, Select, Derive, and Recall: Augmenting LLM with Human-like Memory for Mobile Task Automation]
• **Li ** - [Learning UI Navigation through Demonstrations composed of Macro Actions]
• **Li et al. ** - [A Zero-Shot Language Agent for Computer Control with Structured Reflection]
• **Li et al. ** - [AppAgent v2: Advanced Agent for Flexible Mobile Interactions]
• **Li et al. ** - [Glider: A Reinforcement Learning Approach to Extract UI Scripts from Websites]
• **Li et al. ** - [Interactive Task Learning from GUI-Grounded Natural Language Instructions and Demonstrations]
• **Li et al. ** - [Mapping Natural Language Instructions to Mobile UI Action Sequences]
• **Li et al. ** - [On the Effects of Data Scale on Computer Control Agents]
• **Li et al. ** - [UINav: A Practical Approach to Train On-Device Automation Agents]
• **Lin et al. ** - [Automating Web-based Infrastructure Management via Contextual Imitation Learning]
• **Liu et al. ** - [Reinforcement Learning on Web Interfaces Using Workflow-Guided Exploration]
• **Lu et al. ** - [GUI Odyssey: A Comprehensive Dataset for Cross-App GUI Navigation on Mobile Devices]
• **Lu et al. ** - [OmniParser for Pure Vision Based GUI Agent]
• **Lu et al. ** - [WebLINX: Real-World Website Navigation with Multi-Turn Dialogue]
• **Lutz et al. ** - [WILBUR: Adaptive In-Context Learning for Robust and Accurate Web Agents]
• **Ma et al. ** - [CoCo-Agent: Comprehensive Cognitive LLM Agent for Smartphone GUI Automation]
• **Ma et al. ** - [LASER: LLM Agent with State-Space Exploration for Web Navigation]
• **Mazumder et al. ** - [FLIN: A Flexible Natural Language Interface for Web Navigation]
• **Murty et al. ** - [BAGEL: Bootstrapping Agents by Guiding Exploration with Language]
• **Nakano et al. ** - [WebGPT: Browser-assisted question-answering with human feedback]
• **Niu et al. ** - [ScreenAgent: A Vision Language Model-driven Computer Control Agent]
• **Nong et al. ** - [MobileFlow: A Multimodal LLM For Mobile GUI Agent]
• **Pan et al. ** - [Autonomous Evaluation and Refinement of Digital Agents]
• **Putta et al. ** - [Agent Q: Advanced Reasoning and Learning for Autonomous AI Agents]
• **Rahman et al. ** - [V-Zen: Efficient GUI Understanding and Precise Grounding With A Novel Multimodal LLM]
• **Rawles et al. ** - [Android in the Wild: A Large-Scale Dataset for Android Device Control]
• **Shaw et al. ** - [From Pixels to UI Actions: Learning to Follow Instructions via Graphical User Interfaces]
• **Shi et al. ** - [World of Bits: An Open-Domain Platform for Web-Based Agents]
• **Sodhi et al. ** - [HeaP: Hierarchical Policies for Web Actions using LLMs]
• **Song et al. ** - [MMAC-Copilot: Multi-modal Agent Collaboration Operating System Copilot]
• **Song et al. ** - [Navigating Interfaces with AI for Enhanced User Interaction]
• **Song et al. ** - [RestGPT: Connecting Large Language Models with Real-World RESTful APIs]
• **Song et al. ** - [VisionTasker: Mobile Task Automation Using Vision Based UI Understanding and LLM Task Planning]
• **Lo et al. ** - [Hierarchical Prompting Assists Large Language Model on Web Navigation]
• **Sun et al. ** - [AdaPlanner: Adaptive Planning from Feedback with Language Models]
• **Sun et al. ** - [META-GUI: Towards Multi-modal Conversational Agents on Mobile GUI]
• **Tao et al. ** - [WebWISE: Web Interface Control and Sequential Exploration with Large Language Models]
• **Wang et al. ** - [Enabling Conversational Interaction with Mobile UI using Large Language Models]
• **Wang et al. ** - [Mobile-Agent: Autonomous Multi-Modal Mobile Device Agent with Visual Perception]
• **Wang et al. ** - [OfficeBench: Benchmarking Language Agents across Multiple Applications for Office Automation]
• **Wen et al. ** - [AutoDroid: LLM-powered Task Automation in Android]
• **Wen et al. ** - [DroidBot-GPT: GPT-powered UI Automation for Android]
• **Wu et al. ** - [MobileVLM: A Vision-Language Model for Better Intra- and Inter-UI Understanding]
• **Wu et al. ** - [OS-COPILOT: TOWARDS GENERALIST COMPUTER AGENTS WITH SELF-IMPROVEMENT]
• **Xu et al. ** - [Grounding Open-Domain Instructions to Automate Web Support Tasks]

Datasets

• **Shi et al. ** - [World of Bits: An Open-Domain Platform for Web-Based Agents]
• **Liu et al. ** - [Reinforcement Learning on Web Interfaces Using Workflow-Guided Exploration]
• **Xu et al. ** - [Grounding Open-Domain Instructions to Automate Web Support Tasks]
• **Gur et al. ** - [Environment Generation for Zero-Shot Compositional Reinforcement Learning]
• **Yao et al. ** - [WebShop: Towards Scalable Real-World Web Interaction with Grounded Language Agents]
• **Deng et al. ** - [Mind2Web: Towards a Generalist Agent for the Web]
• **Koroglu et al. ** - [QBE: QLearning-Based Exploration of Android Applications]
• **Rawles et al. ** - [Android in the Wild: A Large-Scale Dataset for Android Device Control]
• **Zhou et al. ** - [WebArena: A Realistic Web Environment for building autonomous agents]
• **Li et al. ** - [Mapping Natural Language Instructions to Mobile UI Action Sequences]
• **Toyama et al. ** - [AndroidEnv: A Reinforcement Learning Platform for Android]
• **Burns et al. ** - [A Dataset for Interactive Vision-Language Navigation with Unknown Command Feasibility]
• **Xie et al. ** - [OSWorld: Benchmarking Multimodal Agents for Open-Ended Tasks in Real Computer Environments]
• **Shvo et al. ** - [AppBuddy: Learning to Accomplish Tasks in Mobile Apps via Reinforcement Learning]
• **Sun et al. ** - [META-GUI: Towards Multi-modal Conversational Agents on Mobile GUI]
• **Liu et al. ** - [AgentBench: Evaluating LLMs as Agents]
• **Chen et al. ** - [WebVLN: Vision-and-Language Navigation on Websites]
• **Song et al. ** - [RestGPT: Connecting Large Language Models with Real-World RESTful APIs]
• **Koh et el. ** - [VisualWebArena: Evaluating Multimodal Agents on Realistic Visually Grounded Web Tasks]
• **Deng et al. ** - [On the Multi-turn Instruction Following for Conversational Web Agents]
• **Kapoor et al. ** - [OmniACT: A Dataset and Benchmark for Enabling Multimodal Generalist Autonomous Agents for Desktop and Web]
• **Wen et al. ** - [Empowering LLM to use Smartphone for Intelligent Task Automation]
• **Gao et al. ** - [ASSISTGUI: Task-Oriented Desktop Graphical User Interface Automation]
• **Niu et al. ** - [ScreenAgent: A Vision Language Model-driven Computer Control Agent]
• **Drouin et al. ** - [WorkArena: How Capable Are Web Agents at Solving Common Knowledge Work Tasks?]
• **Lai et al. ** - [AutoWebGLM: Bootstrap And Reinforce A Large Language Model-based Web Navigating Agent]
• **Zhang et al. ** - [Android in the Zoo: Chain-of-Action-Thought for GUI Agents]
• **Chen et al. ** - [GUICourse: From General Vision Language Models to Versatile GUI Agents]
• **Guo et al. ** - [PPTC Benchmark: Evaluating Large Language Models for PowerPoint Task Completion]
• **Venkatesh et al. ** - [UGIF: UI Grounded Instruction Following]
• **Zheng et al. ** - [AgentStudio: A Toolkit for Building General Virtual Agents]
• **Zhang et al. ** - [Mobile-Env: An Evaluation Platform and Benchmark for LLM-GUI Interaction]
• **Chen et al. ** - [GUI-WORLD: A Dataset for GUI-oriented Multimodal LLM-based Agents]
• **Chai et al. ** - [AMEX: Android Multi-annotation Expo Dataset for Mobile GUI Agents]

Citation

If helpful, please cite:

@misc{sager_acu_2025,
      title={A Comprehensive Survey of Agents for Computer Use: Foundations, Challenges, and Future Directions}, 
      author={Pascal J. Sager and Benjamin Meyer and Peng Yan and Rebekka von Wartburg-Kottler and Layan Etaiwi and Aref Enayati and Gabriel Nobel and Ahmed Abdulkadir and Benjamin F. Grewe and Thilo Stadelmann},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2501.16150},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.AI},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.16150}, 
}

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