[v23.3.x] `cluster`: don't apply invalid property change in `topic_table`

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #23191 to branch v23.3.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v23.3.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-23191-v23.3.x-554
git cherry-pick -x 3a36f7a0fb7f30364d0c0bd5060e324de0718c73 6da3157c2892f5d79c88f1823606018e747579da

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-23191-v23.3.x-554
gh pr create \
  --title "[v23.3.x] `cluster`: don't apply invalid property change in `topic_table`" \
  --base "v23.3.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-23191-v23.3.x-554" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v23.3.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/23191 "

JIRA Link: [CORE-7207](https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-7207)

[WillemKauf]

Closed by #23227