Add support for functools.partial #12445

Job	Run time
Test mypyc suite with 32-bit Python	7m 18s
Test suite with py38-ubuntu, mypyc-compiled	17m 19s
Test suite with py38-windows-64	19m 46s
Test suite with py39-ubuntu	16m 11s
Test suite with py310-ubuntu	15m 44s
Test suite with py311-ubuntu, mypyc-compiled	15m 10s
Test suite with py312-ubuntu, mypyc-compiled	17m 21s
mypyc runtime tests with py39-macos	5m 1s
mypyc runtime tests with py38-debug-build-ubuntu	4m 29s
Type check our own code (py38-ubuntu)	1m 55s
Type check our own code (py38-windows-64)	2m 14s
Formatting and code style with Black + ruff	40s
	2h 3m 8s

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