Update pyproject.toml, including stricter linting rules

[drbenvincent]

This PR modernizes our pyproject.toml configuration and enables stricter linting rules to catch potential bugs and improve code quality.

Changes to pyproject.toml

• Added project URLs: Documentation, Changelog, and Discussions links for better discoverability
• Enhanced coverage settings: Added source, branch, show_missing, and fail_under=80 threshold
• Expanded ruff linting: Added rules to catch bugs (F, B), modernize syntax (UP), and improve code style (C4, SIM)
• Improved mypy config: Added python_version and check_untyped_defs settings
• Cleaned up dependencies: Removed pathlib from dev dependencies (standard library)

Code Fixes

Fixed 27 linting errors across the codebase to comply with new stricter rules:

• B008, B006: Fixed mutable default arguments (common Python pitfall)
• B028: Added proper stacklevel to warnings
• B905: Added strict= parameter to zip() calls
• UP038: Modernized isinstance() calls to use | syntax (Python 3.10+)
• SIM102, SIM105: Simplified nested conditionals and exception handling
• C405: Converted list literals to set literals where appropriate

Pre-commit Configuration

• Added exclude: ^docs/ to ruff pre-commit hook to avoid applying strict rules to example notebooks
• All pre-commit checks now pass

Testing

• All 197 tests pass
• Code coverage threshold set to 80%
• No breaking changes to public APIs

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📚 Documentation preview 📚: https://causalpy--571.org.readthedocs.build/en/571/

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