feat: add support for array_t<handle> and array_t<object>

include/pybind11/numpy.h

@@ -1436,6 +1436,24 @@ struct npy_format_descriptor<T, enable_if_t<is_same_ignoring_cvref<T, PyObject *
     static pybind11::dtype dtype() { return pybind11::dtype(/*typenum*/ value); }
 };
 
+template <>
+struct npy_format_descriptor<handle, enable_if_t<sizeof(handle) == sizeof(PyObject *)>> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("object");
+
+    static constexpr int value = npy_api::NPY_OBJECT_;
+
+    static pybind11::dtype dtype() { return pybind11::dtype(/*typenum*/ value); }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct npy_format_descriptor<object, enable_if_t<sizeof(object) == sizeof(PyObject *)>> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("object");
+
+    static constexpr int value = npy_api::NPY_OBJECT_;
+
+    static pybind11::dtype dtype() { return pybind11::dtype(/*typenum*/ value); }
+};
+
 #define PYBIND11_DECL_CHAR_FMT                                                                    \
     static constexpr auto name = const_name("S") + const_name<N>();                               \
     static pybind11::dtype dtype() {                                                              \

tests/test_numpy_array.cpp

@@ -528,20 +528,69 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(numpy_array, sm) {
                return sum_str_values;
            });
 
+    sm.def("pass_array_handle_return_sum_str_values", [](const py::array_t<py::handle> &objs) {
+        std::string sum_str_values;
+        for (const auto &obj : objs) {
+            sum_str_values += py::str(obj.attr("value"));
+        }
+        return sum_str_values;
+    });
+
+    sm.def("pass_array_object_return_sum_str_values", [](const py::array_t<py::object> &objs) {
+        std::string sum_str_values;
+        for (const auto &obj : objs) {
+            sum_str_values += py::str(obj.attr("value"));
+        }
+        return sum_str_values;
+    });
+
     sm.def("pass_array_pyobject_ptr_return_as_list",
            [](const py::array_t<PyObject *> &objs) -> py::list { return objs; });
 
+    sm.def("pass_array_handle_return_as_list",
+           [](const py::array_t<py::handle> &objs) -> py::list { return objs; });
+
+    sm.def("pass_array_object_return_as_list",
+           [](const py::array_t<py::object> &objs) -> py::list { return objs; });
+
     sm.def("return_array_pyobject_ptr_cpp_loop", [](const py::list &objs) {
         py::size_t arr_size = py::len(objs);
         py::array_t<PyObject *> arr_from_list(static_cast<py::ssize_t>(arr_size));
         PyObject **data = arr_from_list.mutable_data();
         for (py::size_t i = 0; i < arr_size; i++) {
             assert(data[i] == nullptr);
-            data[i] = py::cast<PyObject *>(objs[i].attr("value"));
+            data[i] = py::cast<PyObject *>(objs[i]);
+        }
+        return arr_from_list;
+    });
+
+    sm.def("return_array_handle_cpp_loop", [](const py::list &objs) {
+        py::size_t arr_size = py::len(objs);
+        py::array_t<py::handle> arr_from_list(static_cast<py::ssize_t>(arr_size));
+        py::handle *data = arr_from_list.mutable_data();
+        for (py::size_t i = 0; i < arr_size; i++) {
+            assert(!data[i]);
+            data[i] = py::object(objs[i]).release();
+        }
+        return arr_from_list;
+    });
+
+    sm.def("return_array_object_cpp_loop", [](const py::list &objs) {
+        py::size_t arr_size = py::len(objs);
+        py::array_t<py::object> arr_from_list(static_cast<py::ssize_t>(arr_size));
+        py::object *data = arr_from_list.mutable_data();
+        for (py::size_t i = 0; i < arr_size; i++) {
+            data[i] = objs[i];
         }
         return arr_from_list;
     });
 
     sm.def("return_array_pyobject_ptr_from_list",
            [](const py::list &objs) -> py::array_t<PyObject *> { return objs; });
+
+    sm.def("return_array_handle_from_list",
+           [](const py::list &objs) -> py::array_t<py::handle> { return objs; });
+
+    sm.def("return_array_object_from_list",
+           [](const py::list &objs) -> py::array_t<py::object> { return objs; });
 }

tests/test_numpy_array.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 import pytest
 
-import env  # noqa: F401
+import env
 from pybind11_tests import numpy_array as m
 
 np = pytest.importorskip("numpy")
@@ -617,8 +617,14 @@ def test_round_trip_float():
 #     * Sanitizers are much more likely to detect heap-use-after-free due to
 #       other ref-count bugs.
 class PyValueHolder:
+    counter = 0
+
     def __init__(self, value):
         self.value = value
+        PyValueHolder.counter += 1
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        PyValueHolder.counter -= 1
 
 
 def WrapWithPyValueHolder(*values):
@@ -629,45 +635,77 @@ def UnwrapPyValueHolder(vhs):
     return [vh.value for vh in vhs]
 
 
-def test_pass_array_pyobject_ptr_return_sum_str_values_ndarray():
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "func",
+    [
+        m.pass_array_pyobject_ptr_return_sum_str_values,
+        m.pass_array_handle_return_sum_str_values,
+        m.pass_array_object_return_sum_str_values,
+    ],
+)
+def test_pass_array_object_return_sum_str_values_ndarray(func):
+    initial_counter = PyValueHolder.counter
     # Intentionally all temporaries, do not change.
     assert (
-        m.pass_array_pyobject_ptr_return_sum_str_values(
-            np.array(WrapWithPyValueHolder(-3, "four", 5.0), dtype=object)
-        )
+        func(np.array(WrapWithPyValueHolder(-3, "four", 5.0), dtype=object))
         == "-3four5.0"
     )
+    if not env.PYPY and not env.GRAALPY:
+        assert PyValueHolder.counter == initial_counter
 
 
-def test_pass_array_pyobject_ptr_return_sum_str_values_list():
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "func",
+    [
+        m.pass_array_pyobject_ptr_return_sum_str_values,
+        m.pass_array_handle_return_sum_str_values,
+        m.pass_array_object_return_sum_str_values,
+    ],
+)
+def test_pass_array_object_return_sum_str_values_list(func):
+    initial_counter = PyValueHolder.counter
     # Intentionally all temporaries, do not change.
-    assert (
-        m.pass_array_pyobject_ptr_return_sum_str_values(
-            WrapWithPyValueHolder(2, "three", -4.0)
-        )
-        == "2three-4.0"
-    )
+    assert func(WrapWithPyValueHolder(2, "three", -4.0)) == "2three-4.0"
+    if not env.PYPY and not env.GRAALPY:
+        assert PyValueHolder.counter == initial_counter
 
 
-def test_pass_array_pyobject_ptr_return_as_list():
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "func",
+    [
+        m.pass_array_pyobject_ptr_return_as_list,
+        m.pass_array_handle_return_as_list,
+        m.pass_array_object_return_as_list,
+    ],
+)
+def test_pass_array_object_return_as_list(func):
+    initial_counter = PyValueHolder.counter
     # Intentionally all temporaries, do not change.
     assert UnwrapPyValueHolder(
-        m.pass_array_pyobject_ptr_return_as_list(
-            np.array(WrapWithPyValueHolder(-1, "two", 3.0), dtype=object)
-        )
+        func(np.array(WrapWithPyValueHolder(-1, "two", 3.0), dtype=object))
     ) == [-1, "two", 3.0]
+    if not env.PYPY and not env.GRAALPY:
+        assert PyValueHolder.counter == initial_counter
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    ("return_array_pyobject_ptr", "unwrap"),
+    "func",
     [
-        (m.return_array_pyobject_ptr_cpp_loop, list),
-        (m.return_array_pyobject_ptr_from_list, UnwrapPyValueHolder),
+        m.return_array_pyobject_ptr_cpp_loop,
+        m.return_array_handle_cpp_loop,
+        m.return_array_object_cpp_loop,
+        m.return_array_pyobject_ptr_from_list,
+        m.return_array_handle_from_list,
+        m.return_array_object_from_list,
     ],
 )
-def test_return_array_pyobject_ptr_cpp_loop(return_array_pyobject_ptr, unwrap):
+def test_return_array_object_cpp_loop(func):
+    initial_counter = PyValueHolder.counter
     # Intentionally all temporaries, do not change.
-    arr_from_list = return_array_pyobject_ptr(WrapWithPyValueHolder(6, "seven", -8.0))
+    arr_from_list = func(WrapWithPyValueHolder(6, "seven", -8.0))
     assert isinstance(arr_from_list, np.ndarray)
     assert arr_from_list.dtype == np.dtype("O")
-    assert unwrap(arr_from_list) == [6, "seven", -8.0]
+    assert UnwrapPyValueHolder(arr_from_list) == [6, "seven", -8.0]
+    del arr_from_list
+    if not env.PYPY and not env.GRAALPY:
+        assert PyValueHolder.counter == initial_counter