feat: Improve read_database_uri typing

[max-muoto]

This PR improves the typing of read_database_uri by adding overloads so that the core set of exceptions it raises are caught by type-checkers, that being:

Trying to pass in excecute_options with the connector is connector-x:

# Raises, not caught by type-checking.
df = pl.read_database_uri(
    "SELECT * from user",
    "postgresql://localhost:5432/postgres",
    execute_options={"Test": None},
)

And, passing in a list of strings when adbc is the driver:

# Raises, not caught by type-checking.
df = pl.read_database_uri(
    ["SELECT 1", "SELECT * from user"],
    "postgresql://localhost:5432/postgres",
    engine="adbc",
)

I personally encountered the first, and would have valued from having this represented through the overloads.

[max-muoto]

When it's ambiguous which is being used, we only accept arguments that wouldn't error for either.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 80.23%. Comparing base (08732c4) to head (c0a0295).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #19334      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   80.21%   80.23%   +0.01%     
==========================================
  Files        1523     1523              
  Lines      209544   209544              
  Branches     2434     2434              
==========================================
+ Hits       168096   168123      +27     
+ Misses      40893    40866      -27     
  Partials      555      555              

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