feat: Raise on invalid temporal arithmetic

[ritchie46]

No description provided.

[codspeed-hq]

CodSpeed Performance Report

Merging #16934 will not alter performance

_{Comparing dtypes (119c42f) with main (5bb28b4)}

Summary

✅ 37 untouched benchmarks

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 52.17391% with 11 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 81.09%. Comparing base (5bb28b4) to head (119c42f).

Files	Patch %	Lines
...rates/polars-plan/src/logical_plan/aexpr/schema.rs	52.17%	11 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #16934      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   81.09%   81.09%   -0.01%     
==========================================
  Files        1435     1435              
  Lines      189567   189579      +12     
  Branches     2712     2712              
==========================================
+ Hits       153736   153737       +1     
- Misses      35331    35342      +11     
  Partials      500      500              

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