feat(rust): Implement strict/nonstrict conversion for primitive AnyValues

[stinodego]

Ref #11156

Changes

Implement strict construction for primitives:

• Allow any mix of integers as long as they can be cast without overflow.
• Allow constructing f64 from a mix of f32/f64
• Allow constructing f32 only from f32

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: 5 lines in your changes are missing coverage. Please review.

Comparison is base (7698c31) 77.95% compared to head (d8c6051) 77.96%.
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Files	Patch %	Lines
crates/polars-core/src/series/any_value.rs	93.82%	5 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main   #14186   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   77.95%   77.96%           
=======================================
  Files        1326     1326           
  Lines      173076   173120   +44     
  Branches     2448     2448           
=======================================
+ Hits       134917   134966   +49     
+ Misses      37715    37710    -5     
  Partials      444      444           

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