*: add metadata lock when using the plan cache (#51897)

[ti-chi-bot]

This is an automated cherry-pick of #51897

What problem does this PR solve?

Issue Number: close #51407

Problem Summary:
When executing the prepared statement from the plan cache, tidb doesn't add the metadata lock, which may cause data-index inconsistency.

What changed and how does it work?

1. Collect the related table information when PREPARE.
2. Add metadata lock during planCachePreprocess. If the schema is changed, can't use the cache plan anymore.

Check List

Tests

• Unit test
• Integration test
• Manual test (add detailed scripts or steps below)
• No need to test

  • I checked and no code files have been changed.

Side effects

• Performance regression: Consumes more CPU
• Performance regression: Consumes more Memory
• Breaking backward compatibility

Documentation

• Affects user behaviors
• Contains syntax changes
• Contains variable changes
• Contains experimental features
• Changes MySQL compatibility

Release note

Please refer to Release Notes Language Style Guide to write a quality release note.

fix a bug that metadata lock is missing when using the plan cache

[wjhuang2016]

/retest

[ti-chi-bot]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is APPROVED

This pull-request has been approved by: qw4990, tangenta

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Needs approval from an approver in each of these files:

• OWNERS [qw4990,tangenta]
• pkg/ddl/OWNERS [tangenta]
• pkg/domain/OWNERS [tangenta]
• pkg/meta/OWNERS [tangenta]
• pkg/parser/OWNERS [tangenta]

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[ti-chi-bot]

[LGTM Timeline notifier]

Timeline:

• 2024-05-30 12:56:52.218757655 +0000 UTC m=+2953965.975893231: ☑️ agreed by qw4990.
• 2024-05-30 14:36:28.523239048 +0000 UTC m=+2959942.280374613: ☑️ agreed by tangenta.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 79.74684% with 16 lines in your changes are missing coverage. Please review.

Please upload report for BASE (release-7.5@39ea2b3). Learn more about missing BASE report.

Additional details and impacted files

@@               Coverage Diff                @@
##             release-7.5     #52957   +/-   ##
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  Coverage               ?   72.0256%           
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  Hits                   ?     295838           
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Flag	Coverage Δ
unit	72.0256% <79.7468%> (?)

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Components	Coverage Δ
dumpling	53.9913% <0.0000%> (?)
parser	∅ <0.0000%> (?)
br	53.4648% <0.0000%> (?)