added test and deprecation

pandas/core/frame.py

@@ -1925,23 +1925,22 @@ def _create_data_for_split_and_tight_to_dict(
     def to_dict(
         self,
         orient: Literal["dict", "list", "series", "split", "tight", "index"] = ...,
-        *,
         into: type[dict] = ...,
     ) -> dict:
         ...
 
     @overload
-    def to_dict(
-        self, orient: Literal["records"], *, into: type[dict] = ...
-    ) -> list[dict]:
+    def to_dict(self, orient: Literal["records"], into: type[dict] = ...) -> list[dict]:
         ...
 
+    @deprecate_nonkeyword_arguments(
+        version="3.0", allowed_args=["self", "orient"], name="to_dict"
+    )
     def to_dict(
         self,
         orient: Literal[
             "dict", "list", "series", "split", "tight", "records", "index"
         ] = "dict",
-        *,
         into: type[dict] = dict,
         index: bool = True,
     ) -> dict | list[dict]:

pandas/tests/frame/methods/test_to_dict.py

@@ -494,3 +494,13 @@ def test_to_dict_masked_native_python(self):
         df = DataFrame({"a": Series([1, NA], dtype="Int64"), "B": 1})
         result = df.to_dict(orient="records")
         assert isinstance(result[0]["a"], int)
+
+    def test_to_dict_pos_args_deprecation(self):
+        # GH-54229
+        df = DataFrame({"a": [1, 2, 3]})
+        msg = (
+            r"Starting with pandas version 3.0 all arguments of to_dict except for the "
+            r"argument 'orient' will be keyword-only."
+        )
+        with tm.assert_produces_warning(FutureWarning, match=msg):
+            df.to_dict("records", {})