[GR-60622][Native Image] Compiling Native Image with Groovy 5.0.0 throws an exception `Could not find target method`

[linghengqian]

Describe the Issue

• Compiling Native Image with Groovy 5.0.0 throws an exception Could not find target method. See https://github.com/linghengqian/groovy-v500-graalvm-test .

Using the latest version of GraalVM can resolve many issues.

• I tried with the latest version of GraalVM.

GraalVM Version

openjdk version "25" 2025-09-16
OpenJDK Runtime Environment GraalVM CE 25+37.1 (build 25+37-jvmci-b01)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM GraalVM CE 25+37.1 (build 25+37-jvmci-b01, mixed mode, sharing)

Operating System and Version

Linux DESKTOP-2OCN434 5.15.167.4-microsoft-standard-WSL2 #1 SMP Tue Nov 5 00:21:55 UTC 2024 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

Build Command

sdk install java 25-graalce

git clone git@github.com:linghengqian/groovy-v500-graalvm-test.git
cd ./groovy-v500-graalvm-test/
sdk use java 25-graalce
./mvnw -PnativeTestCustom -e -T 1C clean test

Expected Behavior

• Compiling Native Image with Groovy 5.0.0 does not throw exceptions.

Actual Behavior

• Compiling Native Image with Groovy 5.0.0 throws an exception Could not find target method.

Steps to Reproduce

• Verified unit test under Ubuntu 22.04.4 LTS with SDKMAN!.

sdk install java 25-graalce

git clone git@github.com:linghengqian/groovy-v500-graalvm-test.git
cd ./groovy-v500-graalvm-test/
sdk use java 25-graalce
./mvnw -PnativeTestCustom -e -T 1C clean test

Additional Context

• See Improve GraalVM Reachability Metadata and corresponding nativeTest related unit tests apache/shardingsphere#29052 and https://graalvm.slack.com/archives/CNBFR78F9/p1701751095551049 .

Build Log Output and Error Messages

• The following logs are from PowerShell 7 configured with version-fox/vfox.

PS D:\TwinklingLiftWorks\git\public\groovy-v500-graalvm-test> ./mvnw -PnativeTestCustom -e -T 1C clean test
WARNING: A terminally deprecated method in sun.misc.Unsafe has been called
WARNING: sun.misc.Unsafe::staticFieldBase has been called by com.google.inject.internal.aop.HiddenClassDefiner (file:/C:/Users/lingh/.m2/wrapper/dists/apache-maven-3.9.11/03d7e36a140982eea48e22c1dcac01d8862b2550b2939e09a0809bbc5182a5bc/lib/guice-5.1.0-classes.jar)
WARNING: Please consider reporting this to the maintainers of class com.google.inject.internal.aop.HiddenClassDefiner
WARNING: sun.misc.Unsafe::staticFieldBase will be removed in a future release
[INFO] Error stacktraces are turned on.
[INFO] Scanning for projects...
[INFO] 
[INFO] Using the MultiThreadedBuilder implementation with a thread count of 16
[INFO] 
[INFO] ----------< io.github.linghengqian:groovy-v500-graalvm-test >-----------
[INFO] Building groovy-v500-graalvm-test 1.0-SNAPSHOT
[INFO]   from pom.xml
[INFO] --------------------------------[ jar ]---------------------------------
[INFO] 
[INFO] --- clean:3.2.0:clean (default-clean) @ groovy-v500-graalvm-test ---
[INFO] Deleting D:\TwinklingLiftWorks\git\public\groovy-v500-graalvm-test\target
[INFO] 
[INFO] --- resources:3.3.1:resources (default-resources) @ groovy-v500-graalvm-test ---
[INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory D:\TwinklingLiftWorks\git\public\groovy-v500-graalvm-test\src\main\resources
[INFO] 
[INFO] --- compiler:3.13.0:compile (default-compile) @ groovy-v500-graalvm-test ---
[INFO] No sources to compile
[INFO] 
[INFO] --- resources:3.3.1:testResources (default-testResources) @ groovy-v500-graalvm-test ---
[INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory D:\TwinklingLiftWorks\git\public\groovy-v500-graalvm-test\src\test\resources
[INFO] 
[INFO] --- compiler:3.13.0:testCompile (default-testCompile) @ groovy-v500-graalvm-test ---
[INFO] Recompiling the module because of changed source code.
[INFO] Compiling 1 source file with javac [debug target 25] to target\test-classes
[INFO] 
[INFO] --- surefire:3.2.5:test (default-test) @ groovy-v500-graalvm-test ---
[WARNING]  Parameter 'systemProperties' is deprecated: Use systemPropertyVariables instead.
[INFO] Surefire report directory: D:\TwinklingLiftWorks\git\public\groovy-v500-graalvm-test\target\surefire-reports
[INFO] Using auto detected provider org.apache.maven.surefire.junitplatform.JUnitPlatformProvider
[INFO] 
[INFO] -------------------------------------------------------
[INFO]  T E S T S
[INFO] -------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Running io.github.linghengqian.SimpleTest
[INFO] Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.045 s -- in io.github.linghengqian.SimpleTest
[INFO] 
[INFO] Results:
[INFO] 
[INFO] Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0
[INFO] 
[INFO] 
[INFO] --- native:0.11.0:test (test-native) @ groovy-v500-graalvm-test ---
[INFO] ====================
[INFO] Initializing project: groovy-v500-graalvm-test
[INFO] ====================
[INFO] Found GraalVM installation from GRAALVM_HOME variable.
[INFO] Downloaded GraalVM reachability metadata repository from file:/C:/Users/lingh/.m2/repository/org/graalvm/buildtools/graalvm-reachability-metadata/0.11.0/graalvm-reachability-metadata-0.11.0-repository.zip
[INFO] Executing: C:\Users\lingh\.version-fox\temp\1758124800-23880\java\bin\native-image.cmd @target\tmp\native-image-6423981942616512396.args org.graalvm.junit.platform.NativeImageJUnitLauncher
========================================================================================================================
GraalVM Native Image: Generating 'native-tests.exe.exe' (executable)...
========================================================================================================================
For detailed information and explanations on the build output, visit:
https://github.com/oracle/graal/blob/master/docs/reference-manual/native-image/BuildOutput.md
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[1/8] Initializing...                                                                                    (0.0s @ 0.13GB)
Error: Could not find target method: protected static void com.oracle.svm.polyglot.groovy.Target_org_codehaus_groovy_vmplugin_v7_IndyInterface_invalidateSwitchPoints.invalidateSwitchPoints()
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        0.1s (3.9% of total time) in 8 GCs | Peak RSS: 864.83MB | CPU load: 7.18
========================================================================================================================
Failed generating 'native-tests.exe' after 1.7s.
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD FAILURE
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time:  6.822 s (Wall Clock)
[INFO] Finished at: 2025-09-18T13:01:40+08:00
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[ERROR] Failed to execute goal org.graalvm.buildtools:native-maven-plugin:0.11.0:test (test-native) on project groovy-v500-graalvm-test: Execution of C:\Users\lingh\.version-fox\temp\1758124800-23880\java\bin\native-image.cmd @target\tmp\native-image-6423981942616512396.args org.graalvm.junit.platform.NativeImageJUnitLauncher returned non-zero result -> [Help 1]                                                                                                                                            
org.apache.maven.lifecycle.LifecycleExecutionException: Failed to execute goal org.graalvm.buildtools:native-maven-plugin:0.11.0:test (test-native) on project groovy-v500-graalvm-test: Execution of C:\Users\lingh\.version-fox\temp\1758124800-23880\java\bin\native-image.cmd @target\tmp\native-image-6423981942616512396.args org.graalvm.junit.platform.NativeImageJUnitLauncher returned non-zero result                                                                                                        
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.MojoExecutor.doExecute2 (MojoExecutor.java:333)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.MojoExecutor.doExecute (MojoExecutor.java:316)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.MojoExecutor.execute (MojoExecutor.java:212)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.MojoExecutor.execute (MojoExecutor.java:174)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.MojoExecutor.access$000 (MojoExecutor.java:75)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.MojoExecutor$1.run (MojoExecutor.java:162)
    at org.apache.maven.plugin.DefaultMojosExecutionStrategy.execute (DefaultMojosExecutionStrategy.java:39)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.MojoExecutor.execute (MojoExecutor.java:159)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.LifecycleModuleBuilder.buildProject (LifecycleModuleBuilder.java:105)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.builder.multithreaded.MultiThreadedBuilder$1.call (MultiThreadedBuilder.java:193)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.builder.multithreaded.MultiThreadedBuilder$1.call (MultiThreadedBuilder.java:180)
    at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run (FutureTask.java:328)
    at java.util.concurrent.Executors$RunnableAdapter.call (Executors.java:545)
    at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run (FutureTask.java:328)
    at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker (ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1090)
    at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run (ThreadPoolExecutor.java:614)
    at java.lang.Thread.run (Thread.java:1474)
Caused by: org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoExecutionException: Execution of C:\Users\lingh\.version-fox\temp\1758124800-23880\java\bin\native-image.cmd @target\tmp\native-image-6423981942616512396.args org.graalvm.junit.platform.NativeImageJUnitLauncher returned non-zero result                                                              
    at org.graalvm.buildtools.maven.AbstractNativeImageMojo.buildImage (AbstractNativeImageMojo.java:476)
    at org.graalvm.buildtools.maven.NativeTestMojo.execute (NativeTestMojo.java:180)
    at org.apache.maven.plugin.DefaultBuildPluginManager.executeMojo (DefaultBuildPluginManager.java:126)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.MojoExecutor.doExecute2 (MojoExecutor.java:328)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.MojoExecutor.doExecute (MojoExecutor.java:316)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.MojoExecutor.execute (MojoExecutor.java:212)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.MojoExecutor.execute (MojoExecutor.java:174)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.MojoExecutor.access$000 (MojoExecutor.java:75)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.MojoExecutor$1.run (MojoExecutor.java:162)
    at org.apache.maven.plugin.DefaultMojosExecutionStrategy.execute (DefaultMojosExecutionStrategy.java:39)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.MojoExecutor.execute (MojoExecutor.java:159)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.LifecycleModuleBuilder.buildProject (LifecycleModuleBuilder.java:105)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.builder.multithreaded.MultiThreadedBuilder$1.call (MultiThreadedBuilder.java:193)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.builder.multithreaded.MultiThreadedBuilder$1.call (MultiThreadedBuilder.java:180)
    at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run (FutureTask.java:328)
    at java.util.concurrent.Executors$RunnableAdapter.call (Executors.java:545)
    at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run (FutureTask.java:328)
    at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker (ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1090)
    at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run (ThreadPoolExecutor.java:614)
    at java.lang.Thread.run (Thread.java:1474)
[ERROR] 
[ERROR] Re-run Maven using the -X switch to enable full debug logging.
[ERROR] 
[ERROR] For more information about the errors and possible solutions, please read the following articles:
[ERROR] [Help 1] http://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/MAVEN/MojoExecutionException

[selhagani]

Hi @linghengqian,

Thank you for reaching out to us!

Could you please try using the latest version of GraalVM? You can download it here: GraalVM Community Edition Releases.

The issue you are encountering might be related to missing reflection or method metadata required at runtime. We recommend using the Tracing Agent to generate the necessary configuration files. You can find more information about this process in the following resources:
Automatic Metadata Collection
Maven Plugin Agent Support

[linghengqian]

@selhagani I can confirm that I can get the same log on graalvm ce for jdk 23.0.1. And the tracing agent of graalvm ce for jdk23.0.1 is broken. Refer to #9929 .

[selhagani]

In that case, I recommend following the manual approach by referring to the steps outlined in the Diagnose Missing Metadata Registration section of the GraalVM documentation. You can find the guide here: https://www.graalvm.org/latest/reference-manual/native-image/guides/troubleshoot-run-time-errors/.

[linghengqian]

• @selhagani I think this is totally unnecessary, because I can directly confirm that this problem occurs in the graalvm source code, see https://github.com/oracle/graal/blob/master/substratevm/src/com.oracle.svm.polyglot/src/com/oracle/svm/polyglot/groovy/GroovySubstitutions.java .
• From graalvm ce for jdk8 to graalvm ce for jdk 24, they all call methods that do not exist on groovy 5.0.0.

[selhagani]

I shared this with our team and I'll make sure to keep you updated regarding this. Once again thank you for reaching out to us about this.