Add testing for Go 1.24, drop testing for Go 1.22

[songy23]

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Describe the issue you're reporting

Go 1.24 was released recently: go.dev/doc/go1.24

Per our Compatibility doc, this means we need to drop testing for Go 1.22, add testing for Go 1.24. This also means we can now use Go 1.23+ features.

Depends on open-telemetry/opentelemetry-collector#12362