LogsParser is an opensource python library created by Wallix ( http://www.wallix.org ). It is used as the core mechanism for logs tagging and normalization by Wallix's LogBox ( http://www.wallix.com/index.php/products/wallix-logbox ).
Logs come in a variety of formats. In order to parse many different types of logs, a developer used to need to write an engine based on a large list of complex regular expressions. It can become rapidly unreadable and unmaintainable.
By using LogsParser, a developer can free herself from the burden of writing a log parsing engine, since the module comes in with "batteries included". Furthermore, this engine relies upon XML definition files that can be loaded at runtime. The definition files were designed to be easily readable and need very little skill in programming or regular expressions, without sacrificing powerfulness or expressiveness.
The LogsParser module uses normalization definition files in order to tag log entries. The definition files are written in XML.
The definition files allow anyone with a basic understanding of regular expressions and knowledge of a specific log format to create and maintain a customized pool of parsers.
Basically a definition file will consist of a list of log patterns, each composed of many keywords. A keyword is a placeholder for a notable and/or variable part in the described log line, and therefore associated to a tag name. It is paired to a tag type, e.g. a regular expression matching the expected value to assign to this tag. If the raw value extracted this way needs further processing, callback functions can be applied to this value.
This format also allows to add useful meta-data about parsed logs, such as extensive documentation about expected log patterns and log samples.
A normalization definition file must strictly follow the specifications as they are detailed in the file normalizer.dtd .
A simple template is provided to help parser writers get started with their task, called normalizer.template.
Most definition files will include the following sections :
- Some generic documentation about the parsed logs : emitting application, application version, etc ... (non-mandatory)
- the definition file's author(s) (non-mandatory)
- custom tag types (non-mandatory)
- callback functions (non-mandatory)
- Prerequisites on tag values prior to parsing (non-mandatory)
- Log pattern(s) and how they are to be parsed
- Extra tags with a fixed value that should be added once the parsing is done (non-mandatory)
The definition file's root must hold the following elements :
- the normalizer's name.
- the normalizer's version.
- the flags to apply to the compilation of regular expressions associated with this parser : unicode support, multiple lines support, and ignore case.
- how to match the regular expression : from the beginning of the log line (match) or from anywhere in the targeted tag (search)
- the tag value to parse (raw, body...)
A few basic tag types are defined in the file common_tagTypes.xml . In order to use it, it has to be loaded when instantiating the Normalizer class; see the class documentation for further information.
Here is a list of default tag types shipped with this library.
- Anything : any character chain of any length.
- Integer
- EpochTime : an EPOCH timestamp of arbitrary precision (to the second and below).
- syslogDate : a date as seen in syslog formatted logs (example : Mar 12 20:13:23)
- URL
- MACAddress
- IP
- ZuluTime : a "Zulu Time"-type timestamp (example : 2012-12-21T13:45:05)
It is always possible to define new tag types in a parser definition file, and to overwrite default ones. To define a new tag type, the following elements are needed :
- a type name. This will be used as the type reference in log patterns.
- the python type of the expected result : this element is not used yet and can be safely set to anything.
- a non-mandatory description.
- the regular expression defining this type.
One might want to transform a raw value after it has been extracted from a pattern: the syslog normalizer converts the raw log timestamp into a python datetime object, for example.
In order to do this, the <callback> tag must be used to define a callback function.
<callback> requires a function name as a mandatory attribute. Its text defines the function body as in python, meaning the PEP8 indentation rules are to be followed.
When writing a callback function, the following rules must be respected :
Your callback function will take ONLY two arguments: value and log. "value" is the raw value extracted from applying the log pattern to the log, and "log" is the dictionary of the normalized log in its current state (prior to normalization induced by this parser definition file).
Your callback function can modify the "log" argument (especially assign the transformed value to the concerned tag name) and must not return anything.
Your callback function has a restricted access to the following facilities:
"list", "dict", "tuple", "set", "long", "float", "object", "bool", "callable", "True", "False", "dir", "frozenset", "getattr", "hasattr", "abs", "cmp", "complex", "divmod", "id", "pow", "round", "slice", "vars", "hash", "hex", "int", "isinstance", "issubclass", "len", "map", "filter", "max", "min", "oct", "chr", "ord", "range", "reduce", "repr", "str", "unicode", "basestring", "type", "zip", "xrange", "None", "Exception"
Importing modules is therefore forbidden and impossible. The re and datetime modules are available for use as if the following lines were present:
import re from datetime import datetime
A definition file can contain as many log patterns as one sees fit. These patterns are simplified regular expressions and applied in alphabetical order of their names, so it is important to name them so that the more precise patterns are tried before the more generic ones.
A pattern is a "meta regular expression", which means that every syntactic rule from python's regular expressions are to be followed when writing a pattern, especially escaping special characters. To make the patterns easier to read than an obtuse regular expression, keywords act as "macros" and correspond to a part of the log to assign to a tag.
A log pattern has the following components:
- A name.
- A non-mandatory description of the pattern's context.
- The pattern itself.
- The tags as they appear in the pattern, the associated name once the normalization is over, and the callback functions to eventually call on their raw values
- Non-mandatory log samples
If a tag name starts with __ (double underscore), this tag won't be added to the final normalized dictionary. This allows to create temporary tags that will typically be used in conjunction to a series of callback functions, when the original raw value has no actual interest.