Return Result instead of Option, and raise corresponding exceptions i…

…n Python

umbral-pre-python/umbral_pre/__init__.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
     Capsule,
     KeyFrag,
     CapsuleFrag,
+    UmbralError,
     encrypt,
     decrypt_original,
     decrypt_reencrypted,

umbral-pre-wasm/src/lib.rs

@@ -114,6 +114,7 @@ impl CapsuleWithFrags {
             backend_cfrags.as_slice(),
             ciphertext,
         )
+        .ok()
     }
 }
 

umbral-pre/src/capsule.rs

@@ -3,14 +3,33 @@ use crate::curve::{CurvePoint, CurveScalar};
 use crate::hashing_ds::{hash_capsule_points, hash_to_polynomial_arg, hash_to_shared_secret};
 use crate::keys::{PublicKey, SecretKey};
 use crate::params::Parameters;
-use crate::traits::SerializableToArray;
+use crate::traits::{DeserializationError, SerializableToArray};
 
 use alloc::vec::Vec;
 
 use generic_array::sequence::Concat;
 use generic_array::GenericArray;
 use typenum::op;
 
+/// Errors that can happen when opening a `Capsule` using reencrypted `CapsuleFrag` objects.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum OpenReencryptedError {
+    /// An empty capsule fragment list is given.
+    NoCapsuleFrags,
+    /// Capsule fragments are mismatched (originated from [`KeyFrag`](crate::KeyFrag) objects
+    /// generated by different [`generate_kfrags`](crate::generate_kfrags) calls).
+    MismatchedCapsuleFrags,
+    /// Some of the given capsule fragments are repeated.
+    RepeatingCapsuleFrags,
+    /// An internally hashed value is zero.
+    /// See [rust-umbral#39](https://github.com/nucypher/rust-umbral/issues/39).
+    ZeroHash,
+    /// Internal validation of the result has failed.
+    /// Can be caused by an incorrect (possibly modified) capsule
+    /// or some of the capsule fragments.
+    ValidationFailed,
+}
+
 /// Encapsulated symmetric key used to encrypt the plaintext.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Capsule {
@@ -34,11 +53,12 @@ impl SerializableToArray for Capsule {
             .concat(self.signature.to_array())
     }
 
-    fn from_array(arr: &GenericArray<u8, Self::Size>) -> Option<Self> {
+    fn from_array(arr: &GenericArray<u8, Self::Size>) -> Result<Self, DeserializationError> {
         let (point_e, rest) = CurvePoint::take(*arr)?;
         let (point_v, rest) = CurvePoint::take(rest)?;
         let signature = CurveScalar::take_last(rest)?;
         Self::new_verified(point_e, point_v, signature)
+            .ok_or(DeserializationError::ConstructionFailure)
     }
 }
 
@@ -104,15 +124,15 @@ impl Capsule {
         receiving_sk: &SecretKey,
         delegating_pk: &PublicKey,
         cfrags: &[CapsuleFrag],
-    ) -> Option<CurvePoint> {
+    ) -> Result<CurvePoint, OpenReencryptedError> {
         if cfrags.is_empty() {
-            return None;
+            return Err(OpenReencryptedError::NoCapsuleFrags);
         }
 
         let precursor = cfrags[0].precursor;
 
         if !cfrags.iter().all(|cfrag| cfrag.precursor == precursor) {
-            return None;
+            return Err(OpenReencryptedError::MismatchedCapsuleFrags);
         }
 
         let pub_key = PublicKey::from_secret_key(receiving_sk).to_point();
@@ -128,9 +148,10 @@ impl Capsule {
         let mut e_prime = CurvePoint::identity();
         let mut v_prime = CurvePoint::identity();
         for (i, cfrag) in (&cfrags).iter().enumerate() {
-            // There is a minuscule probability that two elements of `lc` are equal,
+            // There is a minuscule probability that coefficients for two different frags are equal,
             // in which case we'd rather fail gracefully.
-            let lambda_i = lambda_coeff(&lc, i)?;
+            let lambda_i =
+                lambda_coeff(&lc, i).ok_or(OpenReencryptedError::RepeatingCapsuleFrags)?;
             e_prime = &e_prime + &(&cfrag.point_e1 * &lambda_i);
             v_prime = &v_prime + &(&cfrag.point_v1 * &lambda_i);
         }
@@ -149,14 +170,14 @@ impl Capsule {
         // Technically, it is supposed to be non-zero by the choice of `precursor`,
         // but if is was somehow replaced by an incorrect value,
         // we'd rather fail gracefully than panic.
-        let inv_d = inv_d_opt?;
+        let inv_d = inv_d_opt.ok_or(OpenReencryptedError::ZeroHash)?;
 
         if &orig_pub_key * &(&s * &inv_d) != &(&e_prime * &h) + &v_prime {
-            return None;
+            return Err(OpenReencryptedError::ValidationFailed);
         }
 
         let shared_key = &(&e_prime + &v_prime) * &d;
-        Some(shared_key)
+        Ok(shared_key)
     }
 }
 
@@ -177,7 +198,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     use alloc::vec::Vec;
 
-    use super::Capsule;
+    use super::{Capsule, OpenReencryptedError};
     use crate::{
         encrypt, generate_kfrags, reencrypt, CapsuleFrag, PublicKey, SecretKey, SerializableToArray,
     };
@@ -220,9 +241,10 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(key_seed, key_seed_reenc);
 
         // Empty cfrag vector
-        assert!(capsule
-            .open_reencrypted(&receiving_sk, &delegating_pk, &[])
-            .is_none());
+        assert_eq!(
+            capsule.open_reencrypted(&receiving_sk, &delegating_pk, &[]),
+            Err(OpenReencryptedError::NoCapsuleFrags)
+        );
 
         // Mismatched cfrags - each `generate_kfrags()` uses new randoms.
         let kfrags2 = generate_kfrags(&delegating_sk, &receiving_pk, &signing_sk, 2, 3, true, true);
@@ -237,14 +259,16 @@ mod tests {
             .cloned()
             .chain(cfrags2[1..2].iter().cloned())
             .collect();
-        assert!(capsule
-            .open_reencrypted(&receiving_sk, &delegating_pk, &mismatched_cfrags)
-            .is_none());
+        assert_eq!(
+            capsule.open_reencrypted(&receiving_sk, &delegating_pk, &mismatched_cfrags),
+            Err(OpenReencryptedError::MismatchedCapsuleFrags)
+        );
 
         // Mismatched capsule
         let (capsule2, _key_seed) = Capsule::from_public_key(&delegating_pk);
-        assert!(capsule2
-            .open_reencrypted(&receiving_sk, &delegating_pk, &cfrags)
-            .is_none());
+        assert_eq!(
+            capsule2.open_reencrypted(&receiving_sk, &delegating_pk, &cfrags),
+            Err(OpenReencryptedError::ValidationFailed)
+        );
     }
 }

umbral-pre/src/capsule_frag.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use crate::curve::{CurvePoint, CurveScalar};
 use crate::hashing_ds::{hash_to_cfrag_signature, hash_to_cfrag_verification};
 use crate::key_frag::{KeyFrag, KeyFragID};
 use crate::keys::{PublicKey, Signature};
-use crate::traits::SerializableToArray;
+use crate::traits::{DeserializationError, SerializableToArray};
 
 use generic_array::sequence::Concat;
 use generic_array::GenericArray;
@@ -38,14 +38,14 @@ impl SerializableToArray for CapsuleFragProof {
             .concat(self.kfrag_signature.to_array())
     }
 
-    fn from_array(arr: &GenericArray<u8, Self::Size>) -> Option<Self> {
+    fn from_array(arr: &GenericArray<u8, Self::Size>) -> Result<Self, DeserializationError> {
         let (point_e2, rest) = CurvePoint::take(*arr)?;
         let (point_v2, rest) = CurvePoint::take(rest)?;
         let (kfrag_commitment, rest) = CurvePoint::take(rest)?;
         let (kfrag_pok, rest) = CurvePoint::take(rest)?;
         let (signature, rest) = CurveScalar::take(rest)?;
         let kfrag_signature = Signature::take_last(rest)?;
-        Some(Self {
+        Ok(Self {
             point_e2,
             point_v2,
             kfrag_commitment,
@@ -126,13 +126,13 @@ impl SerializableToArray for CapsuleFrag {
             .concat(self.proof.to_array())
     }
 
-    fn from_array(arr: &GenericArray<u8, Self::Size>) -> Option<Self> {
+    fn from_array(arr: &GenericArray<u8, Self::Size>) -> Result<Self, DeserializationError> {
         let (point_e1, rest) = CurvePoint::take(*arr)?;
         let (point_v1, rest) = CurvePoint::take(rest)?;
         let (kfrag_id, rest) = KeyFragID::take(rest)?;
         let (precursor, rest) = CurvePoint::take(rest)?;
         let proof = CapsuleFragProof::take_last(rest)?;
-        Some(Self {
+        Ok(Self {
             point_e1,
             point_v1,
             kfrag_id,

umbral-pre/src/curve.rs

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use k256::Secp256k1;
 use rand_core::OsRng;
 use subtle::CtOption;
 
-use crate::traits::SerializableToArray;
+use crate::traits::{DeserializationError, SerializableToArray};
 
 pub(crate) type CurveType = Secp256k1;
 
@@ -80,8 +80,10 @@ impl SerializableToArray for CurveScalar {
         self.0.to_bytes()
     }
 
-    fn from_array(arr: &GenericArray<u8, Self::Size>) -> Option<Self> {
-        Scalar::<CurveType>::from_repr(*arr).map(Self)
+    fn from_array(arr: &GenericArray<u8, Self::Size>) -> Result<Self, DeserializationError> {
+        Scalar::<CurveType>::from_repr(*arr)
+            .map(Self)
+            .ok_or(DeserializationError::ConstructionFailure)
     }
 }
 
@@ -160,9 +162,12 @@ impl SerializableToArray for CurvePoint {
         )
     }
 
-    fn from_array(arr: &GenericArray<u8, Self::Size>) -> Option<Self> {
-        let ep = EncodedPoint::<CurveType>::from_bytes(arr.as_slice()).ok()?;
+    fn from_array(arr: &GenericArray<u8, Self::Size>) -> Result<Self, DeserializationError> {
+        let ep = EncodedPoint::<CurveType>::from_bytes(arr.as_slice())
+            .or(Err(DeserializationError::ConstructionFailure))?;
         let cp_opt: Option<BackendPoint> = BackendPoint::from_encoded_point(&ep);
-        cp_opt.map(Self)
+        cp_opt
+            .map(Self)
+            .ok_or(DeserializationError::ConstructionFailure)
     }
 }

umbral-pre/src/dem.rs

@@ -10,6 +10,24 @@ use rand_core::RngCore;
 use sha2::Sha256;
 use typenum::Unsigned;
 
+/// Errors that can happen during symmetric encryption.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum EncryptionError {
+    /// Given plaintext is too large for the backend to handle.
+    PlaintextTooLarge,
+}
+
+/// Errors that can happend during symmetric decryption.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum DecryptionError {
+    /// Ciphertext (which should be prepended by the nonce) is shorter than the nonce length.
+    CiphertextTooShort,
+    /// The ciphertext and the authentication data are inconsistent.
+    /// This can happen if either is modified or cut short,
+    /// or incorrect authentication data is provided on decryption.
+    AuthenticationFailed,
+}
+
 pub(crate) fn kdf<T: ArrayLength<u8>>(
     seed: &[u8],
     salt: Option<&[u8]>,
@@ -42,7 +60,11 @@ impl DEM {
         Self { cipher }
     }
 
-    pub fn encrypt(&self, data: &[u8], authenticated_data: &[u8]) -> Option<Box<[u8]>> {
+    pub fn encrypt(
+        &self,
+        data: &[u8],
+        authenticated_data: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<Box<[u8]>, EncryptionError> {
         let mut nonce = GenericArray::<u8, NonceSize>::default();
         OsRng.fill_bytes(&mut nonce);
         let nonce = XNonce::from_slice(&nonce);
@@ -52,23 +74,27 @@ impl DEM {
         };
 
         let mut result = nonce.to_vec();
-        let enc_data = self.cipher.encrypt(nonce, payload).ok()?;
+        let enc_data = self
+            .cipher
+            .encrypt(nonce, payload)
+            .or(Err(EncryptionError::PlaintextTooLarge))?;
+
         // Somewhat inefficient, but it doesn't seem that you can pass
         // a mutable view of a vector to encrypt_in_place().
         result.extend(enc_data);
-        Some(result.into_boxed_slice())
+        Ok(result.into_boxed_slice())
     }
 
     pub fn decrypt(
         &self,
         ciphertext: impl AsRef<[u8]>,
         authenticated_data: &[u8],
-    ) -> Option<Box<[u8]>> {
+    ) -> Result<Box<[u8]>, DecryptionError> {
         let nonce_size = <NonceSize as Unsigned>::to_usize();
         let buf_size = ciphertext.as_ref().len();
 
         if buf_size < nonce_size {
-            return None;
+            return Err(DecryptionError::CiphertextTooShort);
         }
 
         let nonce = XNonce::from_slice(&ciphertext.as_ref()[..nonce_size]);
@@ -78,8 +104,8 @@ impl DEM {
         };
         self.cipher
             .decrypt(nonce, payload)
-            .ok()
             .map(|pt| pt.into_boxed_slice())
+            .or(Err(DecryptionError::AuthenticationFailed))
     }
 }
 

umbral-pre/src/hashing.rs

@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ pub fn unsafe_hash_to_point(dst: &[u8], data: &[u8]) -> Option<CurvePoint> {
         let maybe_point_bytes = sign_prefix.concat(result);
 
         let maybe_point = CurvePoint::from_bytes(&maybe_point_bytes);
-        if maybe_point.is_some() {
-            return maybe_point;
+        if maybe_point.is_ok() {
+            return maybe_point.ok();
         }
 
         i += 1

umbral-pre/src/key_frag.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use crate::curve::{CurvePoint, CurveScalar};
 use crate::hashing_ds::{hash_to_cfrag_signature, hash_to_polynomial_arg, hash_to_shared_secret};
 use crate::keys::{PublicKey, SecretKey, Signature};
 use crate::params::Parameters;
-use crate::traits::SerializableToArray;
+use crate::traits::{DeserializationError, SerializableToArray};
 
 use alloc::boxed::Box;
 use alloc::vec::Vec;
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ impl SerializableToArray for KeyFragID {
         self.0
     }
 
-    fn from_array(arr: &GenericArray<u8, Self::Size>) -> Option<Self> {
-        Some(Self(*arr))
+    fn from_array(arr: &GenericArray<u8, Self::Size>) -> Result<Self, DeserializationError> {
+        Ok(Self(*arr))
     }
 }
 
@@ -69,13 +69,13 @@ impl SerializableToArray for KeyFragProof {
             .concat(self.receiving_key_signed.to_array())
     }
 
-    fn from_array(arr: &GenericArray<u8, Self::Size>) -> Option<Self> {
+    fn from_array(arr: &GenericArray<u8, Self::Size>) -> Result<Self, DeserializationError> {
         let (commitment, rest) = CurvePoint::take(*arr)?;
         let (signature_for_proxy, rest) = Signature::take(rest)?;
         let (signature_for_receiver, rest) = Signature::take(rest)?;
         let (delegating_key_signed, rest) = bool::take(rest)?;
         let receiving_key_signed = bool::take_last(rest)?;
-        Some(Self {
+        Ok(Self {
             commitment,
             signature_for_proxy,
             signature_for_receiver,
@@ -161,13 +161,13 @@ impl SerializableToArray for KeyFrag {
             .concat(self.proof.to_array())
     }
 
-    fn from_array(arr: &GenericArray<u8, Self::Size>) -> Option<Self> {
+    fn from_array(arr: &GenericArray<u8, Self::Size>) -> Result<Self, DeserializationError> {
         let params = Parameters::new();
         let (id, rest) = KeyFragID::take(*arr)?;
         let (key, rest) = CurveScalar::take(rest)?;
         let (precursor, rest) = CurvePoint::take(rest)?;
         let proof = KeyFragProof::take_last(rest)?;
-        Some(Self {
+        Ok(Self {
             params,
             id,
             key,