rustdoc-search: simplify rules for generics and type params

This commit is a response to feedback on the displayed type
signatures results, by making type params looser and generics
act stricter.

Type params are loosened by allowing a single function type param
to match multiple query params. In other words, the relationship
is loosened to N:1 instead of the older 1:1 rule. This change also
allows a type param to be unboxed in one spot and matched in another.

Generics are tightened by making order significant. This means
`Vec<Allocator>` now matches only with a true vector of allocators,
instead of matching the second type param. It also makes unboxing
within generics stricter, so `Result<A, B>` only matches if `B`
is in the error type and `A` is in the success type. The top level
of the function search is unaffected.

Find the discussion on:

* <https://rust-lang.zulipchat.com/#narrow/stream/393423-t-rustdoc.2Fmeetings/topic/meeting.202024-07-08/near/449965149>
* <rust-lang#124544 (comment)>

compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/feature_gate.rs

@@ -217,6 +217,7 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for PostExpansionVisitor<'a> {
                     "meant for internal use only" {
                         keyword => rustdoc_internals
                         fake_variadic => rustdoc_internals
+                        search_unbox => rustdoc_internals
                     }
                 );
             }

compiler/rustc_passes/messages.ftl

@@ -226,6 +226,9 @@ passes_doc_masked_only_extern_crate =
 passes_doc_rust_logo =
     the `#[doc(rust_logo)]` attribute is used for Rust branding
 
+passes_doc_search_unbox_invalid =
+    `#[doc(search_unbox)]` should be used on generic structs and enums
+
 passes_doc_test_literal = `#![doc(test(...)]` does not take a literal
 
 passes_doc_test_takes_list =

compiler/rustc_passes/src/check_attr.rs

@@ -13,11 +13,12 @@ use rustc_ast::{
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashMap;
 use rustc_errors::{Applicability, DiagCtxtHandle, IntoDiagArg, MultiSpan, StashKey};
 use rustc_feature::{AttributeDuplicates, AttributeType, BuiltinAttribute, BUILTIN_ATTRIBUTE_MAP};
+use rustc_hir as hir;
 use rustc_hir::def_id::LocalModDefId;
 use rustc_hir::intravisit::{self, Visitor};
 use rustc_hir::{
-    self as hir, self, FnSig, ForeignItem, HirId, Item, ItemKind, MethodKind, Safety, Target,
-    TraitItem, CRATE_HIR_ID, CRATE_OWNER_ID,
+    self as hir, self, AssocItemKind, FnSig, ForeignItem, HirId, Item, ItemKind, MethodKind,
+    Safety, Target, TraitItem, CRATE_HIR_ID, CRATE_OWNER_ID,
 };
 use rustc_macros::LintDiagnostic;
 use rustc_middle::hir::nested_filter;
@@ -962,6 +963,23 @@ impl<'tcx> CheckAttrVisitor<'tcx> {
         }
     }
 
+    fn check_doc_search_unbox(&self, meta: &NestedMetaItem, hir_id: HirId) {
+        let hir::Node::Item(item) = self.tcx.hir_node(hir_id) else {
+            self.dcx().emit_err(errors::DocSearchUnboxInvalid { span: meta.span() });
+            return;
+        };
+        match item.kind {
+            ItemKind::Enum(_, generics) | ItemKind::Struct(_, generics)
+                if generics.params.len() != 0 => {}
+            ItemKind::Trait(_, _, generics, _, items)
+                if generics.params.len() != 0
+                    || items.iter().any(|item| matches!(item.kind, AssocItemKind::Type)) => {}
+            _ => {
+                self.dcx().emit_err(errors::DocSearchUnboxInvalid { span: meta.span() });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Checks `#[doc(inline)]`/`#[doc(no_inline)]` attributes.
     ///
     /// A doc inlining attribute is invalid if it is applied to a non-`use` item, or
@@ -1180,6 +1198,12 @@ impl<'tcx> CheckAttrVisitor<'tcx> {
                             }
                         }
 
+                        sym::search_unbox => {
+                            if self.check_attr_not_crate_level(meta, hir_id, "fake_variadic") {
+                                self.check_doc_search_unbox(meta, hir_id);
+                            }
+                        }
+
                         sym::html_favicon_url
                         | sym::html_logo_url
                         | sym::html_playground_url

compiler/rustc_passes/src/errors.rs

@@ -230,6 +230,13 @@ pub struct DocKeywordOnlyImpl {
     pub span: Span,
 }
 
+#[derive(Diagnostic)]
+#[diag(passes_doc_search_unbox_invalid)]
+pub struct DocSearchUnboxInvalid {
+    #[primary_span]
+    pub span: Span,
+}
+
 #[derive(Diagnostic)]
 #[diag(passes_doc_inline_conflict)]
 #[help]

compiler/rustc_span/src/symbol.rs

@@ -1704,6 +1704,7 @@ symbols! {
         saturating_add,
         saturating_div,
         saturating_sub,
+        search_unbox,
         select_unpredictable,
         self_in_typedefs,
         self_struct_ctor,

library/alloc/src/boxed.rs

@@ -230,6 +230,7 @@ mod thin;
 #[lang = "owned_box"]
 #[fundamental]
 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+#[cfg_attr(not(bootstrap), doc(search_unbox))]
 // The declaration of the `Box` struct must be kept in sync with the
 // compiler or ICEs will happen.
 pub struct Box<

library/core/src/future/future.rs

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ use crate::task::{Context, Poll};
 /// [`async`]: ../../std/keyword.async.html
 /// [`Waker`]: crate::task::Waker
 #[doc(notable_trait)]
+#[cfg_attr(not(bootstrap), doc(search_unbox))]
 #[must_use = "futures do nothing unless you `.await` or poll them"]
 #[stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
 #[lang = "future_trait"]

library/core/src/option.rs

@@ -568,6 +568,7 @@ use crate::{cmp, convert, hint, mem, slice};
 #[lang = "Option"]
 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
 #[allow(clippy::derived_hash_with_manual_eq)] // PartialEq is manually implemented equivalently
+#[cfg_attr(not(bootstrap), doc(search_unbox))]
 pub enum Option<T> {
     /// No value.
     #[lang = "None"]

library/core/src/result.rs

@@ -524,6 +524,7 @@ use crate::{convert, fmt, hint};
 #[must_use = "this `Result` may be an `Err` variant, which should be handled"]
 #[rustc_diagnostic_item = "Result"]
 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+#[cfg_attr(not(bootstrap), doc(search_unbox))]
 pub enum Result<T, E> {
     /// Contains the success value
     #[lang = "Ok"]

src/doc/rustdoc/src/read-documentation/search.md

@@ -130,29 +130,31 @@ pub trait MyTrait {
 /// This function can be found using the following search queries:
 ///
 ///     MyTrait<First=u8, Second=u32> -> bool
-///     MyTrait<u32, First=u8> -> bool
 ///     MyTrait<Second=u32> -> bool
-///     MyTrait<u32, u8> -> bool
 ///
 /// The following queries, however, will *not* match it:
 ///
 ///     MyTrait<First=u32> -> bool
 ///     MyTrait<u32, u32> -> bool
+///     MyTrait<u32, First=u8> -> bool
+///     MyTrait<u32, u8> -> bool
 pub fn my_fn(x: impl MyTrait<First=u8, Second=u32>) -> bool { true }
 ```
 
-Generics and function parameters are order-agnostic, but sensitive to nesting
+Function parameters are order-agnostic, but sensitive to nesting
 and number of matches. For example, a function with the signature
 `fn read_all(&mut self: impl Read) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error>`
 will match these queries:
 
 * `&mut Read -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error>`
 * `Read -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error>`
-* `Read -> Result<Error, Vec>`
 * `Read -> Result<Vec<u8>>`
 * `Read -> u8`
 
-But it *does not* match `Result<Vec, u8>` or `Result<u8<Vec>>`.
+But it *does not* match `Result<Vec, u8>` or `Result<u8<Vec>>`,
+because those are nested incorrectly, and it does not match
+`Result<Error, Vec<u8>>` or `Result<Error>`, because those are
+in the wrong order.
 
 To search for a function that accepts a function as a parameter,
 like `Iterator::all`, wrap the nested signature in parenthesis,