test: cover error case in os getCheckedFunction()

getCheckedFunction() is used internally by the os module to
handle errors from the binding layer in several methods. This
commit adds a test for the case where the binding layer returns
an error.

PR-URL: #22394
Reviewed-By: Luigi Pinca <luigipinca@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Michaël Zasso <targos@protonmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Trivikram Kamat <trivikr.dev@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Ruben Bridgewater <ruben@bridgewater.de>
Reviewed-By: Tobias Nießen <tniessen@tnie.de>

test/parallel/test-os-checked-function.js

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+'use strict';
+// Monkey patch the os binding before requiring any other modules, including
+// common, which requires the os module.
+process.binding('os').getHomeDirectory = function(ctx) {
+  ctx.syscall = 'foo';
+  ctx.code = 'bar';
+  ctx.message = 'baz';
+};
+
+const common = require('../common');
+const os = require('os');
+
+common.expectsError(os.homedir, {
+  message: /^A system error occurred: foo returned bar \(baz\)$/
+});