《Make OS Within 30 Days》Study Notes

This project aims for learning Operating System using the book《30天自制操作系统》. Because the author uses a set of non-standard tools written by himself and can only run under Windows platform, I am planning to implement this project uses NASM, GCC, Qemu and other tools (on Mac Intel/M2) to compile and run on the basis of the original code.

Project features

• Uses GCC and NASM as the toolchain, allowing cross-platform use
• Builds the kernel based on LinkerScript
• Support several command lines (mem, clear, ls, cat, start, ncst, exit)
• Does not rely on the author's custom HRB file format and supports the ELF file format
• Implements simple versions of some C standard library functions (libc file)
• Header files are split, making the structure clearer

The final folder structure

• app: The application source code
• include: The header file of kernel
• kernel: The OS kernel source code
• libc: The simple C library code

Implementation of C standard library

Source from: link

• sprintf
• vsprintf
• rand
• strcmp
• strncmp

From ChatGPT:

• trim

The flow to boot HariboteOS

1. Start BIOS.
2. BIOS reads the first 1 sector(512 bytes), which is called IPL(initial boot loader), from a floppy disk into the memory 0x7c00.
3. [ipl.asm] IPL reads 10 cylinders from a floppy disk into the memory 0x8200.
4. [asmhead.asm] OS prepares boot(setting an image mode, enabling memory access more than 1MB, moving 32 bits mode, etc.)
5. [asmhead.asm] Execute the segment on bootpack.
6. [bootpack.c and other c files] Execute haribote OS.

Memory Map

For ipl.asm

Memory Range	Description	Size
0x00007c00 - 0x00007dff	IPL. The first 1 sector of a floopy disk. This is the boot sector.	512 Bytes
0x00008200 - 0x000083ff	The content of a floopy disk(10 cylinders. Except IPL.)	10 Cyls

After bootpack.c initialization of GDT/IDT

Memory Range	Description	Size
0x00000000 - 0x000fffff	Used during boot, becomes empty afterwards	1 MB
0x00100000 - 0x00267fff	Used to store contents of a floppy disk	1440 KB
0x00268000 - 0x0026f7ff	Empty	30 KB
0x0026f800 - 0x0026ffff	Interrupt Descriptor Table (IDT)	2 KB
0x00270000 - 0x0027ffff	Global Descriptor Table (GDT)	64 KB
0x00280000 - 0x002fffff	Boot loader program (bootpack.hrb)	512 KB
0x00300000 - 0x003fffff	Stack and other data	1 MB
0x00400000 -	The location for memman_alloc	128MB

After day 9 bootpack.c line 48, the memory 0x00001000 - 0x0009e000 is freed.

Address infomation for some structs

Memory Range	Description	Size
0x00000ff0 - 0x00000fff	ADR_BOOTINFO	16 bytes
0x003c0000 -	MEMMAN_ADDR	~32 KB

System Call API

Register edx number	function name	Parameters
Function number 1	cons_putchar	AL = char number
Function number 2	cons_putstr	EBX = string address
Function number 3	cons_putnstr	EBX = string address, ECX = string length

Environment set up

Please use the x86_64-elf-gcc toolchain to compile on Mac. It can be installed using the command "brew install x86_64-elf-gcc x86_64-elf-binutils x86_64-elf-gdb".

To run the program, navigate to the corresponding folder and use the following command:

$ make qemu
# If the toolchain has a prefix, such as x86_64-elf-, use GCCPREFIX
$ make qemu GCCPREFIX=x86_64-elf-

To debug using GDB, please set DEBUG:

$ make qemu DEBUG=1

Important Concepts

• GDT (Global segment Descriptor Table): A data structure used by managing memory segmentation. It contains a list of segment descriptors, each of which describes a segment of memory, including its base address, size, access permissions, and other attributes. This is the simple version of initialize GDT.

// GDT (global(segment) descriptor table)
struct SegmentDescriptor {
  short limit_low, base_low;
  char base_mid, access_right;
  char limit_high, base_high;
};
struct SegmentDescriptor *gdt = (struct SegmentDescriptor *)ADR_GDT;
for (int i = 0; i <= LIMIT_GDT / 8; i++) {
    set_segmdesc(gdt + i, 0, 0, 0);
}

set_segmdesc(gdt + 1, 0xffffffff, 0x00000000, AR_DATA32_RW);
set_segmdesc(gdt + 2, LIMIT_BOOTPACK, ADR_BOOTPACK, AR_CODE32_ER);
load_gdtr(LIMIT_GDT, ADR_GDT);

• IDT (Interrupt Descriptor Table): A data structure used by managing interrupts. It contains a list of interrupt descriptors, each of which describes an interrupt or exception, including its vector number, handler address, and access permissions. The IDT to handle interrupts from Keyboard and Mouse.

for (int i = 0; i <= LIMIT_IDT / 8; i++) {
    set_gatedesc(idt + i, 0, 0, 0);
}
load_idtr(LIMIT_IDT, ADR_IDT);
// Set keyboard interrupt handler
set_gatedesc(idt + 0x21, (int)asm_int_handler21, 2 * 8, AR_INTGATE32);
// Set mouse interrupt handler
set_gatedesc(idt + 0x2c, (int)asm_int_handler2c, 2 * 8, AR_INTGATE32);

Bug I have met and fixed

1. When I use unsigned char variable data to receive the return value int from fifo32_get(&fifo), an overflow occur because the range of values that can be stored in a char is -128 to 127 for a signed char, or 0 to 255 for an unsigned char.
2. There is a question I was confused for several days: In day 19, bootpack.c line 133. if task_a sleeps before io_stihlt(), how could CPU gets interrupts and awake the task_a up? Answer: Remember that we initialize all tasks eflags = 0x0202 which is IF = 1 in task_alloc function. In task_sleep function, we far jump to another task. After we jumped into the another task, CPU will be interruptable because the task->tss.eflag == 0x0202.
3. In day 19, when we use hlt command, if we add a RET in hlt.asm in app, the system will crash. Because we using far_jmp instead of far_call in cmd_hlt() function (line 89) in command.c

The bug have not fixed

1. In day 15, when we are using counter to test task switching (15.5 in textbook), the screen processing will be extremely slow if we are using io_sti instead of io_stihlt.
2. In day 25, there will be some messy graph in the top of screen when we run the second app. I guess there is something wrong when we set the second GDT for the second app in cmd_app function. It was currently fixed by deleting memman_free(memman, 0x00010000, 0x0009e000); in bootpack.c

Project progress

• day 1: Hello world
• day 2: assembly and Makefile
• day 3: Combine C and assembly
• day 4: Show screen
• day 5: GDT/IDT
• day 6: Interrupt processing
• day 7: FIFO and mouse control
• day 8: Mouse and 32-bit mode
• day 9: Memory Management
• day 10: Processing overlap
• day 11: Improve refresh algorithm
• day 12: Timer1
• day 13: Timer2
• day 14: Keyboard Input
• day 15: Multi-task 1
• day 16: Multi-task 2
• day 17: Console window
• day 18: Command line (mem, clear, ls)
• day 19: Application development (support cat cmd and FAT)
• day 20: System Call API
• day 21: Protection for OS memory
• day 22: Developing App with C（change to ELF file format instead of HRB）
• day 23: Graphic processing application
• day 24: Switch and close windows
• day 25: Muti console windows
• day 26: Speed up the operations of windows
• day 27: LDT and library
• day 28: File System API

Welcome to ask questions

In the process of implementation, I also encountered a lot of trouble (eg. compile error).
Feel free to create an issue and ask your question, I will try my best to answer your question.

If you need source code or book, you can add me Wechat: Nick_kn

Reference

• Source code