Upgrade Docker base images from Debian Bullseye to Bookworm

[MP-Tool]

Security: Upgrade Docker base images from Debian Bullseye to Bookworm

Problem

I stumbled upon critical CVEs in the Debian Bullseye base images currently used across all Dockerfiles.

Solution

Updated all Docker base images from Debian Bullseye to Bookworm (Debian 12):

• rust:1.89.0-bullseye → rust:1.89.0-bookworm
• debian:bullseye-slim → debian:bookworm-slim
• lukemathwalker/cargo-chef:latest-rust-1.89.0-bullseye → latest-rust-1.89.0-bookworm

Changes

• 10 Dockerfiles updated (Periphery, Core, CLI, Binaries)
• Rust version unchanged at 1.89.0 to avoid dependency issues
• Only OS layer updated for security patches

Testing

✅ Successfully built and tested komodo-periphery:1.19.5 & komodo-core:1.19.5 with Bookworm
✅ All dependencies compatible with Debian 12
✅ No breaking changes in functionality

Note

This PR addresses security vulnerabilities. Feel free to use it if it fits your release cycle - no pressure!

---

Risk: Minimal - only OS security updates, no Rust version changes

[Lenart12]

If we are updating might as well update it to trixie instead of bookworm.

[MP-Tool]

If we are updating might as well update it to trixie instead of bookworm.

I chosed Bookworm because Trixie was released only a few months ago. Bookworm currently has the more reliable LTS releases. In addition, Bookworm has support until 30 June 2028.