FIX: validate numeric data for range (upper and lower bound)

[gargsaumya]

AB#37475
This pull request enhances the BindParameters function in mssql_python/pybind/ddbc_bindings.cpp by introducing range validation for various parameter types to ensure data integrity and prevent out-of-range errors. Below are the key changes grouped by parameter type:

Integer Parameter Validations

• Signed 16-bit integer (short): Added range validation to ensure the value is within the limits of a signed 16-bit integer. Throws an exception if the value is out of range.
• Unsigned 16-bit integer (unsigned short): Added validation to check that the value does not exceed the maximum limit of an unsigned 16-bit integer.
• Signed 64-bit integer (int64_t): Introduced range validation to confirm the value is within the bounds of a signed 64-bit integer.
• Unsigned 64-bit integer (uint64_t): Added a check to ensure the value does not exceed the maximum limit for an unsigned 64-bit integer.

Date Parameter Validation

• SQL Server Date Range: Implemented validation for year attributes in date parameters to ensure they fall within the valid SQL Server date range (1753-9999).

Checklist

• Tests Passed (if applicable) : All pytests passed.

[Copilot]

Pull Request Overview

This PR adds explicit range checks to the BindParameters function to prevent out-of-range values for integer and date parameters, throwing an exception on invalid input.

• Casts Python ints to C++ types and enforces min/max bounds for signed/unsigned 16-bit and 64-bit integers.
• Validates that a Python date’s year falls within SQL Server’s allowed range (1753–9999).
• Throws std::runtime_error when parameters violate these constraints.

Comments suppressed due to low confidence (2)

mssql_python/pybind/ddbc_bindings.cpp:346

• [nitpick] You’ve already extracted year into a local variable—reuse it here instead of calling param.attr("year").cast<int>() again for clarity and slight performance improvement.

sqlDatePtr->year = param.attr("year").cast<int>();

mssql_python/pybind/ddbc_bindings.cpp:269

• Add or update unit tests to cover out-of-range scenarios for each new validation branch (e.g., below std::numeric_limits<short> and above std::numeric_limits<unsigned short>).

// Range validation for signed 16-bit integer