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Bresser 5-in-1/6-in-1/7-in-1 868 MHz Weather Sensor Radio Receiver based on ESP32 and RFM95W/SX1276 - sends data to a LoRaWAN Network (e.g. The Things Network)

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BresserWeatherSensorTTN

CI GitHub release License: MIT

Warning

This repository is deprecated and has been archived and set to read-only.

The recommended alternative is BresserWeatherSensorLW which provides more features and has a much cleaner architecture.

The underlying LoRaWAN libraries MCCI LoRaWAN LMIC library and MCCI Arduino LoRaWAN Library seem not to be maintained any longer.

Bresser 5-in-1/6-in-1/7-in-1 868 MHz Weather Sensor Radio Receiver based on ESP32 and RFM95W/SX1276 - sends data to a LoRaWAN Network (e.g. The Things Network) Support for RP2040 (Arduino-Pico) has been added recently.

The RFM95W/SX1276 radio transceiver is used in FSK mode to receive weather sensor data and in LoRaWAN mode to connect to a LoRaWAN Network.

Auxiliary sensor data can be integrated via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), OneWire, UART, analog/digital inputs etc.

Features

Supported Hardware

See The Things Network's Big ESP32 + SX127x topic part 2 for some hardware options.

See Leonel Lopes Parente's collection of LoRa development boards pinout-diagrams.

Recommended Hardware

Beginners

LILYGO® TTGO LORA32

You get a fully functional board (including antenna) which does not require any additional wiring for a reasonable price!

Advanced

ESP32 Module

DFRobot FireBeetle ESP32 IoT (DFR0478) recomended due to its good low power design.

RFM95W- or SX1276-based Radio Transceiver Module

or

Antenna

Power Supply

Mains adapter or Li-Ion battery (with or without solar charger) - depending on desired operation time and duty cycle.

Software Build Setup

  • Install the Arduino ESP32 board package in the Arduino IDE -
    Note: When using the ESP32 board package >=V2.0.5, you have to apply two fixes in arduino-lorawan and arduino-lmic, respectively (see below)

  • Select the desired ESP32 board

  • Install all libraries as listed in the section Library Dependencies via the Arduino IDE Library Manager

  • Configure Arduino/libraries/MCCI_LoRaWAN_LMIC_library/project_config/lmic_project_config.h:

    • select you appropriate region
    • #define CFG_sx1276_radio 1

  • Add the following line to Arduino/libraries/MCCI_LoRaWAN_LMIC_library/project_config/lmic_project_config.h:

    #define LMIC_ENABLE_DeviceTimeReq 1

    (Otherwise requesting the time from the LoRaWAN network will not work, even if supported by the network.)

  • Apply fixes if using ESP32 board package >= v2.0.5

  • Clone (or download and unpack) the desired BresserWeatherSensorTTN release (Releases)

  • Load the sketch BresserWeatherSensorTTN.ino from the BresserWeatherSensorTTN directory

  • Compile

Library Dependencies

Library r: required /
o: optional
MCCI Arduino Development Kit ADK r
MCCI LoRaWAN LMIC library r
MCCI Arduino LoRaWAN Library r
RadioLib r
LoRa_Serialization r
ESP32Time r
BresserWeatherSensorReceiver r
Preferences r (RP2040)
OneWireNg o
DallasTemperature o
NimBLE-Arduino + ATC_MiThermometer o
NimBle-Arduino + Theengs Decoder o
DistanceSensor_A02YYUW o

See package.json for required/tested versions.

Software Customization

Configure the LoRaWAN Network settings APPEUI, DEVEUI and APPKEY

  • First you have to follow your LoRaWAN Network provider's instructions on how to configure/obtain the settings.
  • Then configure the BresserWeatherSensorTTN software accordingly:
    • Solution 1 (not recommended): Configure the section starting with // APPEUI, DEVEUI and APPKEY in BresserWeatherSensorTTN.ino
    • Solution 2 (recommended): Configure the file secrets.h - refer to secrets.h.template as an example -- 
      #define SECRETS

// deveui, little-endian
static const std::uint8_t deveui[] = { 0xAA, 0xBB, 0xCC, 0x00, 0x00, 0xDD, 0xEE, 0xFF };

// appeui, little-endian
static const std::uint8_t appeui[] = { 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00 };

// appkey: just a string of bytes, sometimes referred to as "big endian".
static const std::uint8_t appkey[] = { 0x11, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44, 0x55, 0x66, 0x77, 0x88, 0x99, 0xAA, 0xBB, 0xCC, 0xDD, 0xEE, 0xFF, 0x00 };

Configure the Microcontroller / RF Transceiver GPIO Wiring

Pinout Configuration by selecting a supported Board in the Arduino IDE

By selecting a Board and a Board Revision (if available) in the Arduino IDE, a define is passed to the preprocessor/compiler. For the boards in the table below, the default configuration is assumed based in this define.

If you are not using the Arduino IDE, you can use the defines in the table below with your specific tool chain to get the same result.

If this is not what you need, you have to switch to Manual Configuration.

Setup Board Board Revision Define Radio Module Notes
LILYGO®TTGO-LORA32 V1 "TTGO LoRa32-OLED" "TTGO LoRa32 V1 (No TFCard)" ARDUINO_TTGO_LORA32_V1 SX1276 (HPD13A) -
LILYGO®TTGO-LORA32 V2 "TTGO LoRa32-OLED" "TTGO LoRa32 V2" ARDUINO_TTGO_LoRa32_V2 SX1276 (HPD13A) Wire DIO1 to GPIO33
LILYGO®TTGO-LORA32 V2.1 "TTGO LoRa32-OLED" "TTGO LoRa32 V2.1 (1.6.1)" ARDUINO_TTGO_LoRa32_v21new SX1276 (HPD13A) -
Heltec Wireless Stick "Heltec Wireless Stick" n.a. ARDUINO_HELTEC_WIRELESS_STICK SX1276 -
LoRaWAN_Node "FireBeetle-ESP32" n.a. ARDUINO_DFROBOT_FIREBEETLE_ESP32 & LORAWAN_NODE SX1276 (RFM95W) -
DFRobot FireBeetle ESP32 IoT Microcontroller with FireBeetle Cover LoRa Radio 868MHz "FireBeetle-ESP32" n.a. ARDUINO_DFROBOT_FIREBEETLE_ESP32 & FIREBEETLE_ESP32_COVER_LORA SX1276 (LoRa1276) Wiring on the cover:
D2 to RESET
D3 to DIO0
D4 to CS
D5 to DIO1
Adafruit Feather ESP32S2 with Adafruit LoRa Radio FeatherWing "Adafruit Feather ESP32-S2" n.a. ARDUINO_
ADAFRUIT_FEATHER_ESP32S2		 SX1276 (RFM95W) No Bluetooth available!
Wiring on the Featherwing:
E to IRQ
D to CS
C to RST
A to DI01
Thingpulse ePulse Feather with Adafruit LoRa Radio FeatherWing "Adafruit ESP32 Feather" n.a. ARDUINO_FEATHER_ESP32 SX1276 (RFM95W) Wiring on the Featherwing:
E to IRQ
D to CS
C to RST
A to DI01
M5Stack Core2 with M5Stack Module LoRa868 "M5Core2" n.a. ARDUINO_M5STACK_CORE2 SX1276 (RA-01H) Wiring on the LoRa868 Module:
DIO1 to GPIO35

"M5Unified" must be installed
M5.begin()is called to control power management
Adafruit Feather RP2040 with Adafruit LoRa Radio FeatherWing "Adafruit Feather RP2040" n.a. ARDUINO_ADAFRUIT_FEATHER_RP2040 SX1276 (RFM95W) No Bluetooth available!
Configuration: Choose an entry with "FS" in section Flash Size!
Wiring on the Featherwing:
E to IRQ
D to CS
C to RST
A to DI01

If enabled in the Arduino IDE Preferences ("Verbose Output"), the preprosessor will provide some output regarding the selected configuration, e.g.

ARDUINO_ADAFRUIT_FEATHER_ESP32S2 defined; assuming RFM95W FeatherWing will be used
[...]
Receiver chip: [SX1276]
Pin config: RST->0 , CS->6 , GD0/G0/IRQ->5 , GDO2/G1/GPIO->11

Manual Pinout Configuration

Note: If you are using the same RF transceiver for sensor data reception and LoRaWAN connection, you must change the pin definitions in two places!

  1. LoRaWAN Software Part

    Change the default configuration in BresserWeatherSensorTTN.ino:

    #define PIN_LMIC_NSS      14
#define PIN_LMIC_RST      12
#define PIN_LMIC_DIO0     4
#define PIN_LMIC_DIO1     16
#define PIN_LMIC_DIO2     17

  2. BresserWeatherSensorReceiver Software Part

    Change the default configuration in the directory Arduino/libraries/BresserWeatherSensorReceiver/src/WeatherSensorCfg.h!!!

    Changing BresserWeatherSensorTTN/WeatherSensorCfg.h will have no effect!

    #define PIN_RECEIVER_CS   14
 
// CC1101: GDO0 / RFM95W/SX127x: G0
#define PIN_RECEIVER_IRQ  4 
 
// CC1101: GDO2 / RFM95W/SX127x: G1
#define PIN_RECEIVER_GPIO 16
 
// RFM95W/SX127x - GPIOxx / CC1101 - RADIOLIB_NC
#define PIN_RECEIVER_RST  12

Configure the RF Transceiver SPI Wiring

The board specific default SPI pin definitions (MISO, MOSI and SCK) can be found in https://github.com/espressif/arduino-esp32/tree/master/variants

To configure other SPI pins than the default ones... is up to you. I.e. better use the default pins unless you have a really good reason not to do so and then only if you know what you're doing!

Other Configuration Options

In BresserWeatherSensorTTNCfg.h:

  • Select the desired LoRaWAN network by (un)-commenting ARDUINO_LMIC_CFG_NETWORK_TTN or ARDUINO_LMIC_CFG_NETWORK_GENERIC
  • Disable features which you do not want to use
  • Configure the timing parameters (if you think this is needed)
  • If enabled, configure your ATC MiThermometer's / Theengs Decoder's BLE MAC Address by by editing KNOWN_BLE_ADDRESSES
  • Configure your time zone by editing TZ_INFO
  • Configure the ADC's input pins, dividers and oversampling settings as needed

Change the LoRaWAN Message Payload/Encoding

In BresserWeatherSensorTTN.ino, change the code starting with

//
// Encode sensor data as byte array for LoRaWAN transmission
//
LoraEncoder encoder(loraData);

Make sure that you do not exceed the size of the LoRaWAN uplink payload buffer loraData[PAYLOAD_SIZE]. The payload size is limited to 51 bytes by the LMIC library (for a good reason).

If you are using an Integration at the network side (such as an MQTT Integration), make sure you adjust your changes there as well - otherwise decoding the receiving/decoding the messages will fail.

Debug Output Configuration

See Debug Output Configuration in Arduino IDE

Remote Configuration via LoRaWAN Downlink

Command / Response Cmd Port Unit Data0 Data1 Data2 Data3
CMD_SET_WEATHERSENSOR_TIMEOUT 0xA0 seconds timeout[7:0]
CMD_SET_SLEEP_INTERVAL 0xA8 seconds interval[15: 8] interval[ 7: 0]
CMD_SET_SLEEP_INTERVAL_LONG 0xA9 seconds interval[15: 8] interval[ 7: 0]
CMD_RESET_RAINGAUGE 0xB0 [flags]
CMD_GET_CONFIG 0xB1
response: 3 seconds ws_timeout[ 7: 0] sleep_interval[15: 8] sleep_interval[ 7: 0] sleep_interval_long[15: 8]
CMD_GET_DATETIME 0x86
response: 2 epoch unixtime[31:24] unixtime[23:16] unixtime[15:8] unixtime[7:0]
CMD_SET_DATETIME 0x88 epoch unixtime[31:24] unixtime[23:16] unixtime[15:8] unixtime[7:0]

⚠️ Confirmed downlinks should not be used! (see here for an explanation.)

Remote Configuration with The Things Network Console

With Payload Formatter

Example 1: Set SLEEP_INTERVAL to 360 seconds
  1. Build command sequence as JSON string: {"cmd": "CMD_SET_SLEEP_INTERVAL", "interval": 360}
  2. Send command sequence via The Things Network Console TTN Downlink as JSON
Example 2: Set Date/Time
  1. Get epoch (e.g. from https://www.epochconverter.com) (Example: 1692729833); add an offset (estimated) for time until received (Example: + 64 seconds => 1692729897)
  2. Build command sequence as JSON string: {"cmd": "CMD_SET_DATETIME", "epoch": 1692729897}
  3. Send command sequence via The Things Network Console

Without Payload Formatter

Example 1: Set SLEEP_INTERVAL to 360 seconds
  1. Convert interval to hex: 360 = 0x0168
  2. Build command sequence: "CMD_SET_SLEEP_INTERVAL 360 secs" -> 0xA8 0x01 0x68
  3. Send command sequence via The Things Network Console TTN Downlink as Hex
Example 2: Set Date/Time
  1. Get epoch (e.g. from https://www.epochconverter.com/hex) (Example: 0x63B2BC32); add an offset (estimated) for time until received (Example: + 64 / 0x40 seconds => 0x63B2BC72)
  2. Build command sequence: "CMD_SET_DATETIME 0x63B2BC72" -> 0x88 0x63 0xB2 0xBC 0x72
  3. Send command sequence via The Things Network Console

Remote Configuration with Helium Console

With Payload Formatter

To be done

Without Payload Formatter

Example 1: Set SLEEP_INTERVAL to 360 seconds
  1. Convert interval to hex: 360 = 0x0168
  2. Build command sequence: "CMD_SET_SLEEP_INTERVAL 360 secs" -> 0xA8 0x01 0x68
  3. Convert command sequence to Base64 encoding: 0xA8 0x01 0x68 -> "qAFo" (Base64 Guru)
  4. Send command sequence via Helium Console Helium_Add_Downlink_Payload
Example 2: Set Date/Time
  1. Get epoch (e.g. from https://www.epochconverter.com/hex) (Example: 0x63B2BC32); add an offset (estimated) for time until received (Example: + 64 / 0x40 seconds => 0x63B2BC72)
  2. Build command sequence: "CMD_SET_DATETIME 0x63B2BC72" -> 0x88 0x63 0xB2 0xBC 0x72
  3. Convert command sequence to Base64 encoding: 0x88 0x63 0xB2 0xBC 0x72 -> "iGOyvHI="
  4. Send command sequence e.g. via Helium Console

MQTT Integration

The Things Network MQTT Integration and Payload Formatters

Uplink Formatter

Decode uplink payload (a sequence of bytes) into data structures which are readable/suitable for further processing.

In The Things Network Console:

  1. Go to "Payload formatters" -> "Uplink"
  2. Select "Formatter type": "Custom Javascript formatter"
  3. "Formatter code": Paste scripts/ttn_uplink_formatter.js
  4. Apply "Save changes"

TTN Uplink Formatter

Downlink Formatter

Encode downlink payload from JSON to a sequence of bytes.

In The Things Network Console:

  1. Go to "Payload formatters" -> "Downlink"
  2. Select "Formatter type": "Custom Javascript formatter"
  3. "Formatter code": Paste scripts/ttn_downlink_formatter.js
  4. Apply "Save changes"

Note: The actual payload depends on the options selected in the Arduino software - the decoder must be edited accordingly (add or remove data types and JSON identifiers - see scripts/ttn_uplink_formatter.js line 316ff). The configuration dependent part of the decoder can be created with a C++ preprocessor and the Python script generate_decoder.py.

MQTT Integration

TTN provides an MQTT broker. How to receive and decode the payload with an MQTT client - see https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/forum/t/some-clarity-on-mqtt-topics/44226/2

V3 topic:

v3/<ttn app id><at symbol>ttn/devices/<ttn device id>/up

v3 message key field jsonpaths:

<ttn device id> = .end_device_ids.device_id
<ttn app id> = .end_device_ids.application_ids.application_id  // (not including the <at symbol>ttn in the topic)
<payload> = .uplink_message.frm_payload

JSON-Path with Uplink-Decoder (see scripts/ttn_uplink_formatter.js)

.uplink_message.decoded_payload.bytes.<variable>

Helium Network MQTT Integration and Message Decoder

Please refer to https://docs.helium.com/use-the-network/console/integrations/mqtt/.

Add an MQTT integration in the Helium console - the "Endpoint" is in fact an MQTT broker you have to provide: Helium_MQTT_Integration

Add scripts/helium_decoder.js in the Helium console as custom function: Helium_Decoder_Function

Note: The actual payload depends on the options selected in the Arduino software - the decoder must be edited accordingly (add or remove data types and JSON identifiers).

Add your function to the flow: Helium_Decoder_Flow

Example decoder output (JSON):

rx = {[...],"decoded":{"payload":{"air_temp_c":"13.5","battery_v":4197,"humidity":72,"indoor_humidity":53,"indoor_temp_c":"21.7","rain_day":"0.0","rain_hr":"0.0","rain_mm":"480.8","rain_mon":"0.0","rain_week":"0.0","soil_moisture":0,"soil_temp_c":"-30.0",
"status":{"ble_ok":true,"res":false,"rtc_sync_req":true,"runtime_expired":true,"s1_batt_ok":false,"s1_dec_ok":false,"ws_batt_ok":true,"ws_dec_ok":true},
"supply_v":4210,"water_temp_c":"-30.0","wind_avg_meter_sec":"1.9","wind_direction_deg":"282.0","wind_gust_meter_sec":"2.0"},
"status":"success"}, [...]

Datacake Integration

Desktop Dashboard

Datacake_Dashboard_Desktop

Mobile Dashboard

Datacake_Dashboard_Mobile

Datacake/TTN Setup

YouTube Video: Get started for free with LoRaWaN on The Things Network and Datacake IoT Platform

Datacake Payload Decoder

Decoder Scripts Summary

decoder_basic.js

Basic example for a single Weather Sensor uplink to The Things Network.

ttn_uplink_formatter.js

The Things Network uplink formatter for the full set of features provided by the default SW configuration. Includes decoding of response messages triggered by uplink command messages.

ttn_downlink_formatter.js

The Things Network downlink formatter for sending commands as JSON strings to the device.

ttn_decoder_distance.js

Variant of ttn_uplink_formatter.js which supports the ultrasonic distance sensor, but neither the lightning sensor nor response messages.

ttn_decoder_fp.js

Predecessor of ttn_uplink_formatter.js without support of response messages. deprecated, will eventually be deleted

helium_decoder.js

Variant of ttn_uplink_formatter.js for Helium Network, currently without support of response messages.

datacake_decoder.js

Equivalent of ttn_uplink_formatter.js for Datacake, currently without support of response messages.

Doxygen Generated Source Code Documentation

https://matthias-bs.github.io/BresserWeatherSensorTTN/index.html

References

Based on

Legal

This project is in no way affiliated with, authorized, maintained, sponsored or endorsed by Bresser GmbH or any of its affiliates or subsidiaries.

About

Bresser 5-in-1/6-in-1/7-in-1 868 MHz Weather Sensor Radio Receiver based on ESP32 and RFM95W/SX1276 - sends data to a LoRaWAN Network (e.g. The Things Network)

Topics

arduino esp32 bluetooth ble bluetooth-low-energy lorawan thethingsnetwork lorawan-application esp32-arduino ttn-application rp2040 helium-network arduino-pico

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