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the inclusion of a work is not a statement on its scientific integrity or merit.

Lichess Bibliography

Publications that study Lichess, use Lichess data, or otherwise use or mention Lichess in a meaningful way.

If we missed your work, feel free to open an issue or submit a PR. See the CONTRIBUTING.md file for more information.

╭────────  274 Papers ─────────╮ ╭────────── Papers by Year ──────────╮
│                              │ │                                    │
│  Authors                858  │ │  2018   ░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░    2  │
│  Institutions           328  │ │  2019   █░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░    7  │
│  With code               94  │ │  2020   █░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░    5  │
│  With data               26  │ │  2021   ███░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░   16  │
│  Lichess bot              4  │ │  2022   ███░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░   13  │
│  conference             117  │ │  2023   ████░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░   17  │
│  journal                 56  │ │  2024   █████████░░░░░░░░░░░   42  │
│  preprint                72  │ │  2025   ████████████████████   97  │
│  thesis                  24  │ │  2026   ███████████████░░░░░   75  │
│                              │ │                                    │
╰──────────────────────────────╯ ╰────────────────────────────────────╯
 Affiliation                     Papers      Keyword                         Papers 
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
 Google DeepMind                     13      games                               13 
 University of Toronto               11      machine learning                    13 
 University of Oxford                 9      deep learning                       12 
 Stanford University                  7      transformers                        11 
 Princeton University                 7      training                            11 
 Microsoft Research                   7      artificial intelligence              9 
 New York University                  6      large language models                8 
 Carnegie Mellon University           6      engines                              8 
 MIT                                  5      predictive models                    8 
 Imperial College London              4      neural networks                      7 
 Johns Hopkins University             4      big data                             7 
 TU Darmstadt                         4      accuracy                             6 
 University of Central Florida        4      explainable ai                       6 
 Peking University                    4      transformer                          6 
 UC Berkeley                          4      convolutional neural networks        6 
 Harvard University                   4      action prediction                    5 
 Independent                          4      reinforcement learning               5 

Most cited

Aligning Superhuman AI with Human Behavior (2020) Reid McIlroy-Young, Siddhartha Sen, Jon M. Kleinberg, Ashton Anderson	80
Leveraging rationales to improve human task performance (2020) Devleena Das, Sonia Chernova	44
Determining Chess Piece Values Using Machine Learning (2023) Aditya Gupta, Christopher Grattoni, Arnav Gupta	22
Learning Models of Individual Behavior in Chess (2022) Reid McIlroy-Young, Russell Wang, Siddhartha Sen, Jon M. Kleinberg, Ashton Anderson	19
IEEE Big Data Cup 2024 Report: Predicting Chess Puzzle Difficulty at KnowledgePit.ai (2024) Jan Zyśko, Maciej świechowski, Sebastian Stawicki, Katarzyna Jagieła, Andrzej Janusz, Dominik ślęzak	18
Chess Position Identification using Pieces Classification Based on Synthetic Images Generation and Deep Neural Network Fine-Tuning (2019) Afonso de Sá Delgado Neto, Rafael Mendes Campello	17
Deep learning investigation for chess player attention prediction using eye-tracking and game data (2019) Justin Le Louedec, Thomas Guntz, James L. Crowley, Dominique Vaufreydaz	17
Measuring the Non-Transitivity in Chess (2022) Ricky Sanjaya, Jun Wang, Yaodong Yang	17
Quantifying human performance in chess (2023) Sandeep Chowdhary, Iacopo Iacopini, Federico Battiston	16
Learning to Play the Chess Variant Crazyhouse Above World Champion Level With Deep Neural Networks and Human Data (2020) Johannes Czech, Moritz Willig, Alena Beyer, Kristian Kersting, Johannes Fürnkranz	13
The Complementary Nature of Perceived and Actual Time Spent Online in Measuring Digital Well-being (2021) Lillio Mok, Ashton Anderson	11
Quantifying the complexity and similarity of chess openings using online chess community data (2023) Giordano De Marzo, Vito D. P. Servedio	10
Bridging the human–AI knowledge gap through concept discovery and transfer in AlphaZero (2025) Lisa Schut, Nenad Tomašev, Thomas McGrath, Demis Hassabis, Ulrich Paquet, Been Kim	10
Estimating the Puzzlingness of Chess Puzzles (2024) Sebastian Björkqvist	9
The bread emoji Team’s Submission to the IEEE BigData 2024 Cup: Predicting Chess Puzzle Difficulty Challenge (2024) Tyler Woodruff, Oleg Filatov, Marco Cognetta	9
Complexity and Satisficing: Theory with Evidence from Chess (2022) Yuval Salant, Jörg L. Spenkuch	8
FedCSIS 2025 knowledgepit.ai Competition: Predicting Chess Puzzle Difficulty Part 2 & A Step Toward Uncertainty Contests (2025) Jan Zyśko, Michał Ślęzak, Dominik ślęzak, Maciej Świechowski	8