Job controller optimization: reduce work duration time & minimize cache locking

[xigang]

What type of PR is this?

/kind cleanup

What this PR does / why we need it:

This improves performance and correctness at scale by minimizing the time a read lock is held on the cache, reducing blockage of CacheController delta processing. It also helps lower workqueue processing time per object/key.

Which issue(s) this PR is related to:

Fixes # #130767

Special notes for your reviewer:

Does this PR introduce a user-facing change?

NONE

Additional documentation e.g., KEPs (Kubernetes Enhancement Proposals), usage docs, etc.:

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[k8s-ci-robot]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is NOT APPROVED

This pull-request has been approved by: xigang
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[xigang]

/ok-to-test

[k8s-ci-robot]

@xigang: The following test failed, say /retest to rerun all failed tests or /retest-required to rerun all mandatory failed tests:

Test name	Commit	Details	Required	Rerun command
pull-kubernetes-linter-hints	0787866	link	false	/test pull-kubernetes-linter-hints

Full PR test history. Your PR dashboard. Please help us cut down on flakes by linking to an open issue when you hit one in your PR.

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[xigang]

/cc @mimowo @tenzen-y @kannon92

PTAL.