[release-1.31] [go] Bump images, dependencies and versions to go 1.23.9 and distroless iptables

[cpanato]

What type of PR is this?

/kind feature

What this PR does / why we need it:

• Bump dependencies, images and versions used to Go 1.23.9 and distroless-iptables

/assign @liggitt @dims @xmudrii
cc @kubernetes/release-managers

Which issue(s) this PR fixes:

xref: kubernetes/release#4005

Special notes for your reviewer:

Does this PR introduce a user-facing change?

Kubernetes is now built using Go 1.23.9

Additional documentation e.g., KEPs (Kubernetes Enhancement Proposals), usage docs, etc.:

[k8s-ci-robot]

This cherry pick PR is for a release branch and has not yet been approved by Release Managers.
Adding the do-not-merge/cherry-pick-not-approved label.

To merge this cherry pick, it must first be approved (/lgtm + /approve) by the relevant OWNERS.

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[k8s-ci-robot]

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[dims]

/approve

[k8s-ci-robot]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is APPROVED

This pull-request has been approved by: cpanato, dims

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Needs approval from an approver in each of these files:

• OWNERS [dims]
• build/OWNERS [dims]
• staging/publishing/OWNERS [dims]
• test/images/OWNERS [dims]
• test/utils/image/OWNERS [dims]

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