feat: allow to use client's optional configs for initialization from file or environment properties

[bednar]

Closes #506

Proposed Changes

This PR makes it possible for users to configure the client in this way:

InfluxDBClient.from_config_file(retries=WritesRetry(total=3, retry_interval=1, exponential_base=2))

Checklist

• CHANGELOG.md updated
• Rebased/mergeable
• A test has been added if appropriate
• pytest tests completes successfully
• Commit messages are conventional
• Sign CLA (if not already signed)

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

Base: 90.11% // Head: 90.11% // No change to project coverage 👍

Coverage data is based on head (2311660) compared to base (50f021e).
Patch coverage: 100.00% of modified lines in pull request are covered.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##           master     #510   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   90.11%   90.11%           
=======================================
  Files          39       39           
  Lines        3380     3380           
=======================================
  Hits         3046     3046           
  Misses        334      334           

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
influxdb_client/client/_base.py	97.35% <100.00%> (ø)
influxdb_client/client/influxdb_client.py	98.73% <100.00%> (ø)
influxdb_client/client/influxdb_client_async.py	87.93% <100.00%> (ø)

Help us with your feedback. Take ten seconds to tell us how you rate us. Have a feature suggestion? Share it here.

☔ View full report at Codecov.
📢 Do you have feedback about the report comment? Let us know in this issue.

[powersj]

LGTM, thank you!