feat(tonic-xds): implement gRFC A50 outlier detection (failure-percentage) + LoadBalancer integration by LYZJU2019 · Pull Request #2619 · grpc/grpc-rust

LYZJU2019 · 2026-04-30T21:53:56Z

Summary

Implements gRFC A50: xDS Outlier Detection (failure-percentage algorithm) in tonic-xds and integrates it into LoadBalancer. Config types landed in #2604.

Architecture

Data path (OutlierStatsRegistry::record_outcome, called from LoadBalancer::call) — increments the picked channel's success/failure counter. Nothing else.
Sweep (OutlierStatsRegistry::run_housekeeping, called by the housekeeping actor on each config.interval tick) — snapshots all channel counters, runs the failure-percentage algorithm against the snapshot population (applying minimum_hosts, max_ejection_percent, threshold, enforcement roll), dispatches eject addresses on an mpsc, then resets counters and decrements multipliers for non-ejected channels.
Load balancer — drains the eject mpsc in poll_ready, ejects via ReadyChannel::eject, tracks the resulting EjectedChannel in KeyedFutures<_, UnejectedChannel<_>>. The picker only sees ready, so ejected channels are unpickable by construction.

Un-ejection is timer-driven per channel: each EjectedChannel's Sleep fires at min(base × multiplier, max(base, max_ejection_time)) and yields an UnejectedChannel; the LB routes the resolved channel back to ready.

Constructor interface

LoadBalancer::new takes Arc<ArcSwap<OutlierDetectionConfig>>. OutlierDetectionConfig::default() is the disabled config (both algorithms None) — no actor spawned, record_outcome short-circuits at the per-state counter increment. The ArcSwap shape reserves the slot for the future xDS-driven config-update path.

A50 compliance

Algorithm runs at the interval sweep, not per RPC (§6).
Failure-percentage uses strict > against the threshold.
Multiplier decrements at the same transition that un-ejects (§6.b).
max_ejection_percent floors at 1 for non-empty pools (spec: "will eject at least one address regardless of the value").
Outlier state survives Change::Insert for an already-tracked address.

Deferred

Success-rate algorithm.
Live config-update plumbing (ArcSwap::store is supported but the actor doesn't observe swaps yet).
Wiring from ClusterResource into LB construction.

Test plan

cargo test -p tonic-xds --lib --all-features — 324 lib tests pass
cargo fmt -p tonic-xds
cargo clippy clean on changed files

Implement the core gRFC A50 outlier-detection algorithm: per-endpoint success/failure counters, the success-rate and failure-percentage ejection algorithms, the ejection-multiplier state machine, and a periodic sweep task that emits ejection/un-ejection decisions on a channel. `run_sweep` is pure (returns a Vec<EjectionDecision>); the sweep loop spawned by `OutlierDetector::spawn` owns the channel sender and forwards decisions, so dropping the returned `AbortOnDrop` ends the loop and closes the receiver. Tests drive `run_sweep` directly without the channel or tokio time mechanics. Algorithm coverage matches the gRFC: - Success-rate ejection with configurable `stdev_factor`, `enforcing_success_rate`, `minimum_hosts`, `request_volume`. - Failure-percentage ejection with `threshold`, `enforcing_failure_ percentage`, `minimum_hosts`, `request_volume`. - Ejection multiplier increments on each ejection, decays on healthy intervals; ejection duration is `base * multiplier` capped at `max(base, max_ejection_time)`. - `max_ejection_percent` caps total concurrent ejections. Probability rolls go through an injectable `Rng` trait (defaulting to `fastrand`) so tests can pin enforcement decisions. Standalone in this PR — no integration with the load balancer yet. That lands in a follow-up alongside the per-endpoint outcome interception layer. Refs: https://github.com/grpc/proposal/blob/master/A50-xds-outlier-detection.md

Address two follow-up review comments from grpc#2604 (the merged config PR) by folding the doc updates into this PR: - Module docstring: describe the actual integration plan (an mpsc channel of EjectionDecisions polled by LoadBalancer, leveraging EjectedChannel) instead of the original "filter on the Discover stream" wording. Add intra-doc links to the relevant types. - enforcing_success_rate / enforcing_failure_percentage: clarify that each is the *enforcement probability* — distinct from the per-algorithm threshold (stdev_factor for success-rate, threshold for failure-percentage). Note that 0 disables enforcement while still computing statistics. Also fix an unresolved intra-doc link in the algorithm module.

Three spec-compliance fixes to `run_sweep` and the failure-percentage algorithm: 1. Reorder the sweep to match A50 step order: snapshot counters → run success-rate algorithm → run failure-percentage algorithm → step-5 housekeeping (decrement non-ejected multipliers, un-eject elapsed ejections). The previous order (un-eject before algorithms) caused spurious `Uneject` decisions whenever the same sweep also re-ejected the address. Per spec, re-ejection refreshes `ejected_at` to `now` before the un-eject check runs, so no transient un-eject is emitted. 2. Drop the `total > 0` traffic gate from the multiplier-decrement step. A50 says a non-ejected address with multiplier > 0 has its multiplier decremented every sweep, regardless of whether it received traffic that interval. 3. Failure-percentage now uses strict `>` against the threshold (was `>=`). Per A50: "If the address's failure percentage is greater than `failure_percentage_ejection.threshold`..." — an address sitting exactly at the threshold is not ejected. Also: drop the explicit "skip ejected hosts from candidate list" pre- filter. Per spec the algorithms iterate every address; ejected hosts naturally fail the `request_volume` gate since they receive no traffic in production. Behavior on real workloads is unchanged. Test changes: - `re_ejection_doubles_duration` now asserts a single `Eject` decision (no transient `Uneject`) under the corrected sweep order. - New `failure_percentage_at_threshold_does_not_eject` covers the strict-`>` boundary. - New `multiplier_decrements_even_without_traffic` covers the no-traffic-gate fix.

Drop the success-rate algorithm and its tests from this PR so the outlier-detection PR is minimal and stand-alone. The scaffolding (sweep loop, multiplier state, counters, max-ejection-percent budget) is unchanged and still exercised by the failure-percentage algorithm plus the multiplier / un-eject / cap tests. If `OutlierDetectionConfig.success_rate` is set on the cluster, it is currently ignored. Documented in the module docstring with a pointer to the follow-up PR. Removes: - `OutlierDetector::run_success_rate` (mean / variance / sqrt math). - `success_rate` dispatch in `run_sweep`. - `run_failure_percentage`'s `!out.contains` filter — dead now that only one algorithm runs per sweep. - `success_rate_ejects_outlier_below_threshold` test. - `success_rate_no_ejection_when_all_uniform` test. - The `sr_config` test helper. - Unused `SuccessRateConfig` import.

Switch from `mpsc::unbounded_channel` to `mpsc::channel(256)` for the ejection-decision stream that the sweep loop emits. The decisions are edge-triggered (`Eject`/`Uneject` transitions, not state snapshots), so the consumer must process every event in order; we can't drop or coalesce. But we don't want unbounded memory growth either if the consumer stalls. A bounded channel gives us: - Same correctness as unbounded — no events dropped, ordered delivery. - Bounded memory. - Natural backpressure: when the buffer fills, `tx.send().await` parks the sweep task, which (combined with `MissedTickBehavior:: Skip`) throttles sweep cadence to whatever rate the consumer can drain. Computing more decisions than the consumer can apply just widens the desync. Capacity is 256 — at most `2 * num_endpoints` decisions per sweep, so this buffers several sweeps' worth of decisions for clusters of typical size. A docstring on `DECISIONS_CHANNEL_CAPACITY` captures the rationale for future readers.

Replace `spawn_with_rng` with `spawn_with`, taking an `OutlierDetectorOptions` struct that bundles the RNG and the new configurable `decisions_channel_capacity`. Defaults are unchanged (`fastrand` RNG, capacity 256). The hard-coded constant becomes `DEFAULT_DECISIONS_CHANNEL_CAPACITY` and is no longer the only knob — production callers may want to bump the bound for clusters with very large endpoint sets (worst case `2 * num_endpoints` decisions per sweep) or unusually slow consumers. Using a struct instead of a long argument list means future runtime knobs (custom Tokio runtime, alternate backoff policies, observability hooks, …) can be added without breaking call sites — callers typically construct via `..Default::default()`. The xDS-derived `OutlierDetectionConfig` stays separate from these host-side runtime knobs, keeping a clean line between "what the xDS proto specifies" and "how this binary chooses to host it."

…tests Both `sweep_loop_emits_decisions_on_tick` and `dropping_abort_stops_sweep_loop` previously used `tokio::time::sleep` in `start_paused = true` mode. That works through the runtime's auto-advance heuristic for parked tasks, but the heuristic is sensitive to the order of pending wake-ups across multiple tasks and can be flaky in practice. - `sweep_loop_emits_decisions_on_tick`: switch to `tokio::time::advance(150ms)` which explicitly moves the clock and yields until pending wake-ups have been polled — deterministic. - `dropping_abort_stops_sweep_loop`: drop the artificial sleep altogether. Aborting the JoinHandle wakes the spawned task synchronously; the runtime polls it, the harness observes the abort, and the task ends — dropping its sender. `rx.recv().await` parks briefly while that happens and then returns `None`. No time advancement needed. Stress-tested both tests 50× back-to-back: all pass.

Rewrite the doc comment to be reference documentation rather than a design narrative. Drops the editorializing ("the right behavior") and the first-person reasoning, keeps the three things a developer needs: what the constant controls, why this size, what happens at capacity (and why decisions can't be dropped or coalesced), and how to override.

The previous design used two separate `AtomicU64`s and snapshotted via two independent `swap` calls — the doc comment claimed this was atomic across the pair, but it isn't: an RPC completing between the two swaps inflates the next snapshot by one event, biasing the failure-percentage computation slightly under contention. Pack both counters into one `AtomicU64` (high 32 bits: successes, low 32 bits: failures). `record_*` becomes a single `fetch_add` (same hot- path cost as before), `snapshot_and_reset` becomes a single `swap(0)`, and the snapshot is now genuinely atomic across the pair — matching the bucket-swap semantics the gRFC describes. Each counter is capped at `u32::MAX` per sweep interval. Exceeding it would carry into the other counter's bits, but the cap is unreachable for realistic workloads (> 4 × 10⁹ RPCs to one endpoint within one interval). Documented on the struct.

Guard the `100 * failure / total` division against `total == 0`. gRFC A50 doesn't forbid `request_volume == 0`, in which case the qualifying filter `c.total >= request_volume` admits candidates with zero traffic; the spec is silent on `0/0`, so skip those endpoints rather than panic.

…tests Drop the test-only `sort` helper that compared `EjectionDecision`s by their `Debug` string representation, which was fragile (any change to the `Debug` impl would silently change ordering). Derive `PartialOrd` and `Ord` on `EjectionDecision` (and on `EndpointAddress` / `EndpointHost`, since the address is the inner field) and call `Vec::sort` directly at the one test site.

When an already-ejected endpoint has in-flight RPCs that complete during its ejection backoff, those completions accumulate on its counter. At the next sweep the algorithm may "re-eject" the host (refreshing its `ejected_at` timestamp and bumping the multiplier). That action does not change the count of currently-ejected addresses, so per A50's `max_ejection_percent` check it must not consume a slot in the cap — but the previous code decremented the budget for it, under-counting how many *new* ejections the cap allows. Track the pre-sweep ejection state on each `Candidate` and only decrement the budget for new ejections in the failure-percentage algorithm. Add a regression test covering the specific scenario.

Replace the spawned sweep loop + mpsc channel with an on-demand model: the detector exposes `maybe_run_sweep(&mut self, now: Instant) -> Vec <EjectionDecision>` and the consumer (the load balancer in a follow-up PR) calls it from its own event loop — typically `poll_ready` — gated by wallclock time. This eliminates a significant amount of machinery: - `tokio::spawn`, `sweep_loop`, `AbortOnDrop`, the mpsc channel. - The bounded-channel capacity option, its constant, and its docs (`OutlierDetectorOptions::decisions_channel_capacity`, `DEFAULT_DECISIONS_CHANNEL_CAPACITY`). - `OutlierDetectorOptions` itself — collapses to two constructors `new(config)` and `with_rng(config, rng)`. - The `Mutex` on `state` — the consumer's `&mut self` already serializes access. - Two `#[tokio::test(start_paused = true)]` tests that exercised the spawned task and its abort handle. Sweep timing now depends on RPC traffic: when no RPCs flow, no sweeps run. This matches A50's intent (sweeps happen approximately every `interval` while traffic is flowing) and is observably equivalent because ejection only matters during endpoint picking, which only happens during RPCs. Suggested by the PR review. Tests: - All algorithm-level tests rewritten to use owned `OutlierDetector` + `&mut self` calls, no `Mutex::lock()`, no Arc. - Three new `maybe_run_sweep_*` tests cover the interval gate: runs on first call, skips before interval elapsed, runs after. - Existing failure-percentage and multiplier/un-ejection tests unchanged in spirit; just adjusted to the new ownership model.

Pass through every doc comment and inline comment, removing rationale, timeline language, and explanations that don't help a future reader. Notable trims: - Module docstring drops "Knows nothing about the data path:" framing, the "lands in a follow-up PR" timeline (regression — flagged and removed earlier on a different doc), and the "(mean and standard deviation across the qualifying hosts)" parenthetical. - `Rng` trait drops the "Abstracted so tests can inject" rationale. - `OutlierDetector` struct drops "State is owned (no `Mutex`, no `Arc`):" framing. - `add_endpoint` / `remove_endpoint` / `with_rng` lose the trailing usage hints / explanatory parentheticals. - `maybe_run_sweep` / `run_sweep` tightened to facts-only. - Inline comments inside `run_sweep` drop "we model that" and "intentionally not yet dispatched in this PR" timeline. - Inline comment for the budget-decrement guard now points at `Candidate::already_ejected` instead of duplicating its doc. - Test `already_ejected_re_ejection_does_not_consume_budget` drops the "this would fail before the fix" git-history paragraph.

…hannel

Eject signals previously rode an unbounded mpsc from the sweep to the LB — one event per ejection. Switch to a `watch` channel carrying the full snapshot of ejected addresses (`Arc<HashSet<EndpointAddress>>`). The sweep rebuilds and broadcasts the snapshot at end of tick, but only when the ejected-set membership actually changed, gated by an O(1) compare against an `AtomicU64` version counter incremented in `try_eject`/`note_uneject`/`remove_channel` of an ejected entry. Quiet ticks (the vast majority) skip the rebuild and broadcast entirely. On a tick that did change the set, the sweep iterates the DashMap once to collect ejected addresses and sends an `Arc` so each receiver clone is cheap. The LB reads the latest snapshot via `tokio_stream::wrappers::WatchStream::poll_next`, iterates it, and for any address still in `ready` moves it into `ejected` (with the existing remaining-ejection / past-deadline handling). Addresses that left the snapshot are echoes of the LB's own uneject path and require no action. Replaces "unbounded queue" with "snapshot-of-current-state," matching A50's mental model of "the ejected set is what matters." Quiet-tick work drops to one atomic load + compare.

…start

OutlierStatsRegistry::record_outcome was pure delegation to the channel state — no registry-level mutation, no reason for the intermediate hop. Move the entry point to OutlierChannelState and expose ReadyChannel::record_outcome(success) that derefs the held Arc internally. LoadBalancer::call's data path no longer extracts the Arc<OutlierChannelState> or holds an Arc<OutlierStatsRegistry>; it just clones the ReadyChannel and calls record_outcome on it. Closes the last hot-path site where the LB peeked at the registry/state for RPC bookkeeping.

ejona86 · 2026-06-15T19:59:06Z

Hmm... Seems this might have added a flaky test. I got a test failure on #2685 . Re-running passed.

    running 1 test
    test client::loadbalance::loadbalancer::tests::test_outlier_detection_reinsert_preserves_state ... FAILED

    failures:

    failures:
        client::loadbalance::loadbalancer::tests::test_outlier_detection_reinsert_preserves_state

    test result: FAILED. 0 passed; 1 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 335 filtered out; finished in 0.00s

  stderr ───

    thread 'client::loadbalance::loadbalancer::tests::test_outlier_detection_reinsert_preserves_state' (7160) panicked at tonic-xds/src/client/loadbalance/loadbalancer.rs:1017:9:
    assertion `left == right` failed: counters must survive re-insert
      left: (0, 0)
     right: (3, 0)
    note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace

gu0keno0 · 2026-06-16T01:00:40Z

Hmm... Seems this might have added a flaky test. I got a test failure on #2685 . Re-running passed.

    running 1 test
    test client::loadbalance::loadbalancer::tests::test_outlier_detection_reinsert_preserves_state ... FAILED

    failures:

    failures:
        client::loadbalance::loadbalancer::tests::test_outlier_detection_reinsert_preserves_state

    test result: FAILED. 0 passed; 1 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 335 filtered out; finished in 0.00s

  stderr ───

    thread 'client::loadbalance::loadbalancer::tests::test_outlier_detection_reinsert_preserves_state' (7160) panicked at tonic-xds/src/client/loadbalance/loadbalancer.rs:1017:9:
    assertion `left == right` failed: counters must survive re-insert
      left: (0, 0)
     right: (3, 0)
    note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace

I'll take a look!

…#2689) ## Summary A flaky test was reported ([link](#2619 (comment))) after #2619 was merged. The root cause is: `tokio::time::interval(period)` fires immediately on its first poll, so the outlier-detection housekeeping actor was running `run_housekeeping` at t≈0 — before the data path had recorded anything. That early sweep calls `snapshot_and_reset` and zeros whatever counters have landed. Therefore, `test_outlier_detection_reinsert_preserves_state` flakes with `(0, 0) != (3, 0)` when the actor's first tick races the assertion read. Fix: consume the immediate tick before entering the loop so the first real sweep fires one full `interval` after spawn, matching the gRFC A50 semantics. ## Testing \`cargo test -p tonic-xds --lib test_outlier_detection_reinsert_preserves_state\` — 10/10 pass under stress.

ejona86 · 2026-06-16T14:29:14Z

I found a flake on master where the logs are still intact.
https://github.com/grpc/grpc-rust/actions/runs/26962845254/job/79557584053

(But since you've fixed the flake, this doesn't really matter now.)

gu0keno0 · 2026-06-16T15:51:22Z

I found a flake on master where the logs are still intact. https://github.com/grpc/grpc-rust/actions/runs/26962845254/job/79557584053

(But since you've fixed the flake, this doesn't really matter now.)

Yeah, I'm looking at it now, and looks like there is another flaky test "test_web::grpc smoke_server_stream" https://github.com/grpc/grpc-rust/actions/runs/27624202442/job/81681297096 . Will keep monitoring.

ejona86 · 2026-06-16T16:27:30Z

Yeah, I noticed the smoke_server_stream test failure, but it seemed it might be an older flake with a low flake rate.

LYZJU2019 added 4 commits April 30, 2026 14:53

LYZJU2019 changed the title ~~feat(tonic-xds): add OutlierDetector sweep engine (gRFC A50)~~ feat(tonic-xds): add OutlierDetector sweep engine + failure-percentage algorithm (gRFC A50) Apr 30, 2026

LYZJU2019 added 3 commits April 30, 2026 16:22

YutaoMa reviewed May 4, 2026

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LYZJU2019 added 4 commits May 4, 2026 10:29

docs(tonic-xds): drop "workspace dep" parenthetical from FastRandRng

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docs(tonic-xds): consolidate EndpointCounters doc comment

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LYZJU2019 and others added 6 commits May 4, 2026 15:27

docs(tonic-xds): fix stale DECISIONS_CHANNEL_CAPACITY doc link

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Merge branch 'master' into lyzju2019/a50-outlier-detector

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LYZJU2019 marked this pull request as ready for review May 6, 2026 20:50

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LYZJU2019 added 6 commits May 29, 2026 14:00

docs(tonic-xds): trim UnejectedChannel::Connecting comment

4f8469c

docs(tonic-xds): add TODO for dynamic xDS-driven OD config updates

2022535

fix(tonic-xds): log when an eject signal targets an already-removed c…

5c93365

…hannel

fix(tonic-xds): log uneject-via-reconnect transitions

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fix(tonic-xds): drop unused mut on watch receiver in test

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LYZJU2019 added 5 commits May 29, 2026 19:20

docs(tonic-xds): clarify actor picks up xDS config updates without re…

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…start

docs(tonic-xds): refresh module docstring for watch+snapshot eject path

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fix(tonic-xds): debug-log each broadcast ejected-set snapshot

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fix(tonic-xds): debug-log config at start of each sweep tick

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refactor(tonic-xds): drop redundant ReadyChannel clone in Service::call

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Merge branch 'master' into lyzju2019/a50-outlier-detector

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gu0keno0 merged commit c528938 into grpc:master Jun 3, 2026
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LYZJU2019 mentioned this pull request Jun 4, 2026

feat(tonic-xds): implement gRFC A50 outlier detection success-rate algorithm #2673

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LYZJU2019 mentioned this pull request Jun 16, 2026

fix(tonic-xds): consume immediate first tick in OD housekeeping actor #2689

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Summary

Architecture

Constructor interface

A50 compliance

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ejona86 commented Jun 15, 2026

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