Resolve CVE-2024-41110 (github.com/docker/docker package)

This pull request resolves [CVE-2024-41110](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-41110) [High]: https://github.com/grafana/agent/pull/7020

Dependabot has opened pull requests since July 30th to update this dependency, but none have been merged yet. Here is the first pull request: https://github.com/grafana/agent/pull/6999

Please review and merge https://github.com/grafana/agent/pull/7020.