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runtime: use SwissTable #54766

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zhangyunhao116 opened this issue Aug 30, 2022 · 128 comments
Open
1 of 5 tasks

runtime: use SwissTable #54766

zhangyunhao116 opened this issue Aug 30, 2022 · 128 comments
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compiler/runtime Issues related to the Go compiler and/or runtime. NeedsFix The path to resolution is known, but the work has not been done.
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@zhangyunhao116
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zhangyunhao116 commented Aug 30, 2022

Abstract

From ByteDance Programming Language Team

We suggest using SwissTable in the runtime to replace the original implementation of the hashmap.

SwissTable is now used in abseil and rust by default. We borrowed ideas from the two implementations and combined some optimization ideas of Go's original hashmap to construct the current implementation.

See the following comment for performance comparison(the GitHub issue has a character limit).

Motivations

  • We need to improve the performance of the hashmap as much as possible. At ByteDance, our Go service consumes about 4% of the CPU on hashmap. It is worth noting that on many services, the CPU consumption of mapassign and mapaccess are almost 1:1, so the improvement of insertion performance is equally important.

  • Support dynamic adjustment of the capacity of the hashmap. Some Go services will make a map too large due to burst traffic, which will cause a lot of pressure on the memory, but the map does not shrink after elements removal. We found that there are also many related discussions in the community:

Implementations

Tasks

  • Basic version: without SIMD, follow the original memory layout.
  • Add SIMD support for x86: WIP, in the following CL.
  • Aggregates all tophash into an array: In the plan, it requires more performance comparison data.
  • Support hashmap resizing: More discussion is needed.
  • Set bucketCnt to 4 on 32-bit platforms: More discussion is needed.

Advantages compared to the original implementation

  • The overall performance is better, and we can also use SIMD to improve performance.

  • SwissTable's LoadFactor can be set higher to save some memory.

  • Open-addressing and making dynamic adjustments to the capacity is easier to implement.

  • After allocating a fixed-size hashmap, if the number of inserted elements does not exceed the capacity, no additional memory is required, and the performance will be significantly improved, which has a greater advantage over reused fixed-size hashmap. (The original hashmap may still allocate additional memory even when the limit is not exceeded)

Disadvantages compared to the original implementation

  • The rehash is done at once, so

    • Some services that are sensitive to latency may experience performance degradation. (but we do not observe this for now)
    • In some cases, when the hashmap needs to grow, it may consume more CPU than the original implementation. (The previous implementation uses incremental rehash)
  • Since SwissTable needs to ensure that each bucket has at least one empty slot, it will cause performance degradation in some cases. For example, if we insert an element when there are seven elements in the hashmap, the CPU consumption will significantly increase because the hashmap needs to grow.

Implementation details

Here is an overview of the basic version. For more detailed implementation, you can read the code. Before reading the code, it is recommended to check the video or the article in the references to get a general idea of how it works.

Differences with SwissTable

  • Move tophash into the bucket, not as an array alone.

The classic SwissTable aggregates all tophash into an array (also called control bytes array, here we follow the convention, called tophash), while the original hashmap of Go puts tophash and items in the same bucket.

Our experiments outside the runtime found that if tophash is used as an array alone, we couldn’t find any performance wins. This is probably because we need two memory allocations when initializing the hashmap.

So we use the bucket memory layout almost the same as the original in the current version. In the future, we may consider aggregating all tophash into an array, using a data structure similar to sync.Pool, so that all tophash of the hashmap can be reused to improve performance.

Due to this change, when we delete a key/value, we only need to determine whether the current bucket still has empty slots, because the location where we access the bucket is relatively fixed, unlike the classic implementation, which can be accessed from different addresses.

Differences with the original implementation

For hashmap header (hmap) and hiter

  • Removed fields about overflow and incremental rehash.

For bucket (bmap)

  • The tophash is still 8-bit(uint8), but 7-bit for hash info and 1-bit as flags.

  • Removed overflow pointer.

For the way of querying

  • The query process changes from querying the overflow pointer to finding the next bucket (using triangular probing) until the first empty slot is found. SwissTable theoretically guarantees that there is at least one empty slot.

For initializing bucket arrays

  • The initial state of the tophash is 0xff instead of 0; 0xff represents the empty slot now.

References

@gopherbot gopherbot added the compiler/runtime Issues related to the Go compiler and/or runtime. label Aug 30, 2022
@zhangyunhao116
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zhangyunhao116 commented Aug 30, 2022

Performance comparison

Here the SwissTable is just a basic version. To avoid a CL bringing too many changes, it does not use SIMD and is compatible with the previous hashmap memory layout(it means many optimizations are not included in this version). Its performance still has room for improvement; we will add these optimizations in subsequent CLs.

In general, the performance changes for the basic version of SwissTable are as follows.

  • There is a significant improvement (20% ~ 50%) when querying a large hashmap or querying an element that does not exist in the hashmap. When querying a hashmap with fewer elements, performance degradation is up to 20%.

  • Insertions and deletions have been significantly improved in almost all cases (20% ~ 50%).

  • The performance of iterate is improved by about 10%.

  • Memory usage is reduced by 0% ~ 25% in most cases. Reusing a fixed-size hashmap no longer consumes any extra memory.

  • Since the growth is done at once, the CPU usage is significantly reduced in the case of continuous growth, but in some cases, the CPU consumption may also increase significantly.

Platform

  • GO: linux/amd64

  • CPU: AMD 3700x(8C16T)

  • OS: Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS (GNU/Linux 5.15.0-43-generic x86_64)

  • MEMORY: 16G x 2 (DDR4 3200MHz)

Benchmark-1

Located in https://github.com/zhangyunhao116/gomapbench

This benchmark contains performance comparisons of common operations of common types in different situations.

INFO
name                                   old time/op    new time/op    delta
MapIter/Int/6-16                         60.2ns ± 1%    55.7ns ± 0%    -7.35%  (p=0.000 n=9+7)
MapIter/Int/12-16                         121ns ±10%     102ns ± 3%   -15.51%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapIter/Int/18-16                         173ns ± 2%     165ns ± 1%    -4.58%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapIter/Int/24-16                         214ns ± 4%     194ns ± 3%    -9.46%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapIter/Int/30-16                         287ns ± 3%     272ns ± 2%    -5.22%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapIter/Int/64-16                         609ns ± 0%     572ns ± 3%    -6.10%  (p=0.000 n=7+10)
MapIter/Int/128-16                       1.21µs ± 4%    1.17µs ± 2%    -3.63%  (p=0.004 n=10+10)
MapIter/Int/256-16                       2.46µs ± 2%    2.23µs ± 2%    -9.31%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapIter/Int/512-16                       4.98µs ± 4%    4.38µs ± 2%   -12.22%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapIter/Int/1024-16                      9.94µs ± 3%    8.84µs ± 2%   -11.11%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapIter/Int/2048-16                      20.1µs ± 3%    17.8µs ± 1%   -11.33%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapIter/Int/4096-16                      39.7µs ± 1%    35.5µs ± 2%   -10.49%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapIter/Int/8192-16                      79.3µs ± 2%    71.8µs ± 1%    -9.42%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapIter/Int/65536-16                      631µs ± 2%     571µs ± 1%    -9.52%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAccessHit/Int64/6-16                  4.24ns ± 1%    3.71ns ± 1%   -12.37%  (p=0.000 n=8+9)
MapAccessHit/Int64/12-16                 6.61ns ± 6%    6.63ns ±11%      ~     (p=0.796 n=9+9)
MapAccessHit/Int64/18-16                 6.74ns ± 4%    7.01ns ± 1%    +4.02%  (p=0.002 n=9+8)
MapAccessHit/Int64/24-16                 7.81ns ± 8%    8.17ns ± 5%    +4.62%  (p=0.034 n=10+8)
MapAccessHit/Int64/30-16                 6.23ns ± 6%    6.99ns ± 1%   +12.34%  (p=0.000 n=10+7)
MapAccessHit/Int64/64-16                 6.68ns ± 6%    7.22ns ± 2%    +8.08%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAccessHit/Int64/128-16                6.98ns ± 6%    7.32ns ± 6%    +4.93%  (p=0.004 n=10+10)
MapAccessHit/Int64/256-16                7.12ns ± 2%    7.28ns ± 2%    +2.21%  (p=0.002 n=9+10)
MapAccessHit/Int64/512-16                7.68ns ± 4%    7.40ns ± 2%    -3.65%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAccessHit/Int64/1024-16               8.85ns ± 2%    7.35ns ± 2%   -16.92%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAccessHit/Int64/2048-16               11.2ns ± 3%     7.7ns ± 1%   -31.23%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapAccessHit/Int64/4096-16               14.1ns ± 1%     7.9ns ± 1%   -43.96%  (p=0.000 n=7+8)
MapAccessHit/Int64/8192-16               16.2ns ± 2%     8.2ns ± 2%   -49.14%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAccessHit/Int64/65536-16              19.6ns ± 2%    10.5ns ± 1%   -46.18%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAccessHit/Int32/6-16                  3.78ns ± 1%    3.86ns ± 1%    +2.12%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapAccessHit/Int32/12-16                 6.23ns ± 6%    6.16ns ± 4%      ~     (p=0.483 n=10+9)
MapAccessHit/Int32/18-16                 6.42ns ± 5%    6.99ns ± 3%    +8.91%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAccessHit/Int32/24-16                 7.46ns ± 5%    8.60ns ± 8%   +15.32%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAccessHit/Int32/30-16                 6.07ns ± 5%    6.97ns ± 1%   +14.88%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapAccessHit/Int32/64-16                 6.50ns ± 4%    7.18ns ± 5%   +10.34%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAccessHit/Int32/128-16                6.68ns ± 6%    7.15ns ± 4%    +7.12%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAccessHit/Int32/256-16                6.81ns ± 4%    7.32ns ± 4%    +7.45%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAccessHit/Int32/512-16                7.40ns ± 3%    7.30ns ± 3%      ~     (p=0.156 n=9+10)
MapAccessHit/Int32/1024-16               8.46ns ± 2%    7.38ns ± 1%   -12.79%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAccessHit/Int32/2048-16               11.0ns ± 3%     7.6ns ± 2%   -31.46%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAccessHit/Int32/4096-16               13.9ns ± 2%     7.8ns ± 2%   -44.12%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAccessHit/Int32/8192-16               15.8ns ± 2%     8.1ns ± 1%   -48.99%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAccessHit/Int32/65536-16              19.0ns ± 2%    10.3ns ± 2%   -45.85%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAccessHit/Str/6-16                    13.5ns ± 1%    12.7ns ± 2%    -5.88%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAccessHit/Str/12-16                   9.77ns ±11%    9.40ns ± 2%      ~     (p=0.460 n=10+8)
MapAccessHit/Str/18-16                   9.05ns ± 7%    9.47ns ± 1%    +4.66%  (p=0.001 n=9+9)
MapAccessHit/Str/24-16                   9.92ns ± 7%   10.07ns ± 9%      ~     (p=0.604 n=9+10)
MapAccessHit/Str/30-16                   8.46ns ± 7%    9.43ns ± 1%   +11.50%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapAccessHit/Str/64-16                   8.91ns ± 5%    9.57ns ± 2%    +7.39%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapAccessHit/Str/128-16                  9.82ns ± 4%   10.58ns ± 5%    +7.75%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAccessHit/Str/256-16                  11.8ns ± 4%    11.4ns ± 1%    -3.01%  (p=0.008 n=10+8)
MapAccessHit/Str/512-16                  14.6ns ± 2%    11.9ns ± 2%   -18.89%  (p=0.000 n=8+9)
MapAccessHit/Str/1024-16                 17.9ns ± 2%    12.7ns ± 1%   -29.02%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAccessHit/Str/2048-16                 21.5ns ± 3%    13.0ns ± 2%   -39.43%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAccessHit/Str/4096-16                 25.1ns ± 1%    13.2ns ± 2%   -47.63%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAccessHit/Str/8192-16                 26.6ns ± 1%    14.2ns ± 1%   -46.62%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
MapAccessHit/Str/65536-16                31.8ns ± 1%    17.3ns ± 2%   -45.64%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/6-16                 8.03ns ± 1%    7.35ns ± 1%    -8.39%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/12-16                10.2ns ± 2%    18.3ns ± 3%   +79.48%  (p=0.000 n=8+8)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/18-16                10.3ns ± 1%     7.2ns ± 1%   -29.85%  (p=0.000 n=9+8)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/24-16                13.9ns ± 2%    10.8ns ± 2%   -22.43%  (p=0.000 n=7+8)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/30-16                10.1ns ± 3%     7.1ns ± 3%   -29.69%  (p=0.000 n=8+8)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/64-16                10.3ns ± 1%     7.9ns ±12%   -23.29%  (p=0.000 n=7+10)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/128-16               10.2ns ± 2%     7.6ns ± 8%   -25.64%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/256-16               10.4ns ± 2%     7.9ns ± 7%   -23.40%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/512-16               10.3ns ± 3%     7.9ns ± 8%   -23.37%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/1024-16              10.4ns ± 2%     8.0ns ± 4%   -22.40%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/2048-16              10.4ns ± 2%     7.9ns ± 3%   -23.97%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/4096-16              10.4ns ± 2%     8.2ns ± 3%   -21.67%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/8192-16              10.3ns ± 2%     8.6ns ± 3%   -16.95%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/65536-16             13.5ns ± 2%    10.9ns ± 3%   -19.23%  (p=0.000 n=9+8)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/6-16                 6.17ns ± 2%    7.45ns ± 2%   +20.86%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/12-16                8.50ns ± 1%   15.94ns ± 3%   +87.44%  (p=0.000 n=8+8)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/18-16                8.49ns ± 2%    8.21ns ±30%      ~     (p=0.156 n=9+10)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/24-16                11.9ns ± 2%    10.8ns ± 2%    -9.03%  (p=0.000 n=8+7)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/30-16                8.48ns ± 1%    7.53ns ±15%      ~     (p=0.138 n=10+10)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/64-16                8.49ns ± 1%    8.11ns ±17%    -4.50%  (p=0.034 n=8+10)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/128-16               8.89ns ± 2%    7.86ns ±10%   -11.57%  (p=0.000 n=7+10)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/256-16               8.72ns ± 3%    7.83ns ± 3%   -10.23%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/512-16               8.79ns ± 4%    7.70ns ± 4%   -12.40%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/1024-16              8.81ns ± 1%    7.74ns ± 5%   -12.10%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/2048-16              9.16ns ± 1%    7.91ns ± 2%   -13.64%  (p=0.000 n=7+9)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/4096-16              9.40ns ± 2%    8.15ns ± 3%   -13.29%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/8192-16              9.47ns ± 2%    8.29ns ± 2%   -12.45%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/65536-16             12.9ns ± 2%    10.6ns ± 2%   -18.32%  (p=0.000 n=8+10)
MapAccessMiss/Str/6-16                   5.69ns ± 1%    6.89ns ± 1%   +21.05%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAccessMiss/Str/12-16                  11.7ns ± 5%    10.6ns ±11%    -9.74%  (p=0.001 n=10+10)
MapAccessMiss/Str/18-16                  10.2ns ± 1%     9.6ns ± 1%    -5.81%  (p=0.000 n=8+8)
MapAccessMiss/Str/24-16                  12.5ns ±11%    11.4ns ± 9%    -8.83%  (p=0.011 n=10+10)
MapAccessMiss/Str/30-16                  10.8ns ± 4%     8.9ns ± 1%   -17.66%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapAccessMiss/Str/64-16                  10.8ns ± 4%     9.3ns ± 8%   -13.63%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAccessMiss/Str/128-16                 12.0ns ± 7%     9.9ns ±10%   -17.57%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAccessMiss/Str/256-16                 11.2ns ± 3%    10.0ns ± 5%   -11.09%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAccessMiss/Str/512-16                 11.1ns ± 3%     9.6ns ± 6%   -13.51%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAccessMiss/Str/1024-16                12.3ns ± 2%     9.7ns ± 3%   -20.85%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAccessMiss/Str/2048-16                15.7ns ± 2%    10.1ns ± 4%   -35.32%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAccessMiss/Str/4096-16                14.0ns ± 3%    10.2ns ± 3%   -27.20%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAccessMiss/Str/8192-16                14.1ns ± 2%    10.9ns ± 4%   -22.70%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAccessMiss/Str/65536-16               19.2ns ± 2%    13.6ns ± 4%   -29.47%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/6-16                 69.1ns ± 1%    69.5ns ± 1%      ~     (p=0.133 n=9+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/12-16                 759ns ± 0%     539ns ± 0%   -28.91%  (p=0.000 n=7+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/18-16                1.67µs ± 0%    1.19µs ± 1%   -28.56%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/24-16                2.02µs ± 0%    1.36µs ± 0%   -32.89%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/30-16                3.53µs ± 0%    2.53µs ± 0%   -28.19%  (p=0.000 n=8+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/64-16                7.84µs ± 1%    5.38µs ± 1%   -31.36%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/128-16               15.5µs ± 0%    10.9µs ± 0%   -29.52%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/256-16               30.2µs ± 0%    21.9µs ± 0%   -27.59%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/512-16               58.8µs ± 0%    43.7µs ± 0%   -25.58%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/1024-16               116µs ± 0%      88µs ± 0%   -24.24%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/2048-16               231µs ± 0%     175µs ± 0%   -24.04%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/4096-16               458µs ± 0%     351µs ± 0%   -23.49%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/8192-16               919µs ± 0%     712µs ± 0%   -22.51%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/65536-16             8.69ms ± 1%    6.29ms ± 0%   -27.66%  (p=0.000 n=10+7)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/6-16                 71.7ns ± 1%    67.6ns ± 1%    -5.72%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/12-16                 734ns ± 0%     521ns ± 0%   -29.00%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/18-16                1.61µs ± 1%    1.15µs ± 0%   -28.59%  (p=0.000 n=10+7)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/24-16                1.97µs ± 0%    1.32µs ± 0%   -33.10%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/30-16                3.41µs ± 0%    2.43µs ± 1%   -28.67%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/64-16                7.45µs ± 0%    5.13µs ± 0%   -31.09%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/128-16               15.0µs ± 0%    10.7µs ± 0%   -28.89%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/256-16               29.8µs ± 0%    22.0µs ± 1%   -26.05%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/512-16               58.1µs ± 0%    42.9µs ± 0%   -26.07%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/1024-16               115µs ± 0%      86µs ± 0%   -24.96%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/2048-16               226µs ± 1%     171µs ± 1%   -24.44%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/4096-16               445µs ± 1%     341µs ± 0%   -23.31%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/8192-16               900µs ± 0%     686µs ± 0%   -23.72%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/65536-16             7.96ms ± 0%    6.11ms ± 1%   -23.18%  (p=0.000 n=7+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/6-16                   86.5ns ± 2%    91.6ns ± 2%    +5.88%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/12-16                   908ns ± 0%     719ns ± 0%   -20.87%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/18-16                  2.01µs ± 0%    1.59µs ± 0%   -20.98%  (p=0.000 n=7+8)
MapAssignGrow/Str/24-16                  2.36µs ± 0%    1.79µs ± 1%   -23.93%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/30-16                  4.17µs ± 0%    3.22µs ± 0%   -22.72%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/64-16                  9.21µs ± 0%    6.73µs ± 0%   -26.96%  (p=0.000 n=7+9)
MapAssignGrow/Str/128-16                 18.6µs ± 0%    13.4µs ± 1%   -27.60%  (p=0.000 n=8+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/256-16                 35.5µs ± 0%    26.8µs ± 0%   -24.53%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/512-16                 70.6µs ± 0%    53.3µs ± 0%   -24.58%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/1024-16                 142µs ± 1%     109µs ± 0%   -23.46%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/2048-16                 289µs ± 1%     221µs ± 0%   -23.54%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAssignGrow/Str/4096-16                 588µs ± 0%     448µs ± 0%   -23.83%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
MapAssignGrow/Str/8192-16                1.27ms ± 1%    0.91ms ± 0%   -28.82%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/65536-16               12.4ms ± 1%     9.9ms ± 1%   -20.47%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/6-16         310ns ± 1%     281ns ± 0%    -9.41%  (p=0.000 n=10+7)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/12-16        864ns ± 0%     668ns ± 1%   -22.73%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/18-16       1.31µs ± 0%    0.97µs ± 0%   -25.94%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/24-16       1.77µs ± 0%    1.26µs ± 0%   -29.07%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/30-16       2.16µs ± 0%    1.60µs ± 1%   -26.13%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/64-16       4.73µs ± 1%    3.23µs ± 0%   -31.72%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/128-16      9.18µs ± 0%    6.36µs ± 1%   -30.65%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/256-16      18.0µs ± 0%    12.4µs ± 0%   -30.98%  (p=0.000 n=8+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/512-16      36.2µs ± 1%    24.6µs ± 0%   -32.11%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/1024-16     72.4µs ± 1%    50.3µs ± 0%   -30.49%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/2048-16      145µs ± 1%     102µs ± 0%   -29.93%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/4096-16      291µs ± 0%     209µs ± 1%   -28.18%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/8192-16      590µs ± 0%     444µs ± 1%   -24.76%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/65536-16    6.21ms ± 1%    5.68ms ± 1%    -8.48%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/6-16          74.7ns ± 2%    71.2ns ± 2%    -4.68%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/12-16          540ns ± 0%     360ns ± 0%   -33.39%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/18-16          811ns ± 0%     525ns ± 0%   -35.20%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/24-16         1.16µs ± 0%    0.68µs ± 1%   -41.94%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/30-16         1.33µs ± 1%    0.87µs ± 1%   -34.60%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/64-16         2.97µs ± 1%    1.75µs ± 0%   -41.01%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/128-16        5.73µs ± 0%    3.39µs ± 0%   -40.79%  (p=0.000 n=9+8)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/256-16        11.0µs ± 0%     6.5µs ± 0%   -40.50%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/512-16        21.8µs ± 0%    12.9µs ± 0%   -40.91%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/1024-16       43.6µs ± 0%    26.4µs ± 0%   -39.42%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/2048-16       88.0µs ± 1%    52.5µs ± 0%   -40.40%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/4096-16        175µs ± 0%     108µs ± 0%   -38.60%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/8192-16        362µs ± 0%     224µs ± 1%   -38.10%  (p=0.000 n=8+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/65536-16      3.78ms ± 0%    3.21ms ± 2%   -15.14%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/6-16          72.8ns ± 1%    69.2ns ± 1%    -4.98%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/12-16          503ns ± 0%     342ns ± 0%   -32.02%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/18-16          770ns ± 1%     498ns ± 1%   -35.29%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/24-16         1.11µs ± 1%    0.65µs ± 0%   -41.79%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/30-16         1.26µs ± 0%    0.81µs ± 1%   -35.71%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/64-16         2.79µs ± 1%    1.63µs ± 0%   -41.60%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/128-16        5.60µs ± 1%    3.39µs ± 1%   -39.52%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/256-16        11.1µs ± 1%     6.7µs ± 1%   -39.66%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/512-16        21.6µs ± 0%    12.2µs ± 0%   -43.30%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/1024-16       42.4µs ± 1%    24.2µs ± 0%   -42.91%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/2048-16       84.9µs ± 0%    50.0µs ± 0%   -41.08%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/4096-16        173µs ± 0%     104µs ± 0%   -40.04%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/8192-16        347µs ± 1%     212µs ± 1%   -39.07%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/65536-16      3.69ms ± 1%    3.07ms ± 2%   -16.96%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/6-16            89.6ns ± 2%    94.6ns ± 1%    +5.49%  (p=0.000 n=9+7)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/12-16            641ns ± 1%     504ns ± 0%   -21.37%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/18-16           1.01µs ± 0%    0.76µs ± 0%   -24.98%  (p=0.000 n=7+8)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/24-16           1.36µs ± 0%    0.96µs ± 0%   -29.74%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/30-16           1.68µs ± 0%    1.22µs ± 0%   -27.15%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/64-16           3.82µs ± 0%    2.43µs ± 0%   -36.29%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/128-16          7.60µs ± 0%    4.66µs ± 0%   -38.67%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/256-16          13.8µs ± 0%     9.2µs ± 0%   -33.55%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/512-16          27.5µs ± 0%    18.2µs ± 0%   -33.89%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/1024-16         55.4µs ± 0%    37.8µs ± 0%   -31.90%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/2048-16          111µs ± 0%      77µs ± 0%   -30.20%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/4096-16          226µs ± 0%     159µs ± 0%   -29.57%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/8192-16          481µs ± 0%     368µs ± 1%   -23.34%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/65536-16        4.83ms ± 1%    4.11ms ± 1%   -14.86%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/6-16               330ns ± 2%     290ns ± 1%   -12.18%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/12-16              757ns ± 1%     550ns ± 1%   -27.35%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/18-16             1.16µs ± 1%    0.81µs ± 1%   -30.13%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/24-16             1.61µs ± 1%    1.08µs ± 1%   -32.59%  (p=0.000 n=8+10)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/30-16             1.91µs ± 2%    1.31µs ± 1%   -31.72%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/64-16             4.12µs ± 1%    2.75µs ± 1%   -33.26%  (p=0.000 n=8+9)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/128-16            8.22µs ± 2%    5.50µs ± 1%   -33.03%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/256-16            16.4µs ± 1%    11.0µs ± 1%   -33.01%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/512-16            33.1µs ± 2%    21.9µs ± 1%   -33.72%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/1024-16           66.7µs ± 2%    44.8µs ± 1%   -32.78%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/2048-16            132µs ± 2%      92µs ± 1%   -30.11%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/4096-16            268µs ± 1%     187µs ± 1%   -30.25%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/8192-16            546µs ± 4%     389µs ± 1%   -28.67%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/65536-16          5.14ms ± 3%    4.18ms ± 1%   -18.60%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/6-16                81.1ns ± 1%    74.8ns ± 2%    -7.75%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/12-16                413ns ± 3%     152ns ± 1%   -63.04%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/18-16                429ns ± 3%     223ns ± 1%   -48.00%  (p=0.000 n=8+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/24-16               1.01µs ± 4%    0.30µs ± 1%   -69.93%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/30-16                618ns ± 3%     358ns ± 2%   -42.00%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/64-16               1.31µs ± 1%    0.75µs ± 2%   -42.74%  (p=0.000 n=8+8)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/128-16              2.64µs ± 3%    1.51µs ± 2%   -42.96%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/256-16              5.23µs ± 4%    3.00µs ± 2%   -42.59%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/512-16              10.3µs ± 3%     6.0µs ± 1%   -41.70%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/1024-16             21.0µs ± 2%    12.1µs ± 2%   -42.09%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/2048-16             42.2µs ± 2%    25.5µs ± 2%   -39.56%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/4096-16             85.3µs ± 3%    51.3µs ± 2%   -39.88%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/8192-16              176µs ± 3%     107µs ± 2%   -39.54%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/65536-16            1.73ms ± 3%    1.16ms ± 2%   -33.33%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/6-16                79.6ns ± 1%    72.4ns ± 2%    -9.14%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/12-16                356ns ± 7%     150ns ± 1%   -57.73%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/18-16                394ns ± 5%     217ns ± 2%   -44.82%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/24-16               1.01µs ± 7%    0.29µs ± 2%   -70.98%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/30-16                618ns ± 5%     348ns ± 2%   -43.68%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/64-16               1.29µs ± 4%    0.73µs ± 2%   -43.23%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/128-16              2.61µs ± 3%    1.46µs ± 2%   -43.88%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/256-16              5.21µs ± 3%    2.92µs ± 2%   -43.90%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/512-16              10.2µs ± 3%     5.9µs ± 1%   -42.54%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/1024-16             20.5µs ± 3%    11.8µs ± 1%   -42.72%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/2048-16             41.7µs ± 3%    24.8µs ± 2%   -40.50%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/4096-16             84.5µs ± 2%    50.8µs ± 1%   -39.93%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/8192-16              170µs ± 1%     103µs ± 2%   -39.52%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/65536-16            1.68ms ± 3%    1.12ms ± 2%   -33.25%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Str/6-16                  96.8ns ± 3%   102.0ns ± 1%    +5.33%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Str/12-16                  491ns ± 3%     202ns ± 1%   -58.99%  (p=0.000 n=8+9)
MapAssignReuse/Str/18-16                  500ns ± 4%     292ns ± 2%   -41.68%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Str/24-16                 1.13µs ± 3%    0.40µs ± 1%   -64.33%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignReuse/Str/30-16                  783ns ± 5%     480ns ± 2%   -38.77%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Str/64-16                 1.53µs ± 2%    1.02µs ± 2%   -33.00%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Str/128-16                3.06µs ± 1%    2.04µs ± 2%   -33.22%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Str/256-16                6.15µs ± 3%    4.08µs ± 2%   -33.59%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignReuse/Str/512-16                12.3µs ± 3%     8.2µs ± 1%   -33.49%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Str/1024-16               25.3µs ± 2%    17.1µs ± 2%   -32.55%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Str/2048-16               50.7µs ± 3%    34.6µs ± 2%   -31.79%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Str/4096-16                103µs ± 2%      70µs ± 2%   -31.98%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Str/8192-16                218µs ± 1%     157µs ± 2%   -28.32%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignReuse/Str/65536-16              2.03ms ± 1%    1.64ms ± 2%   -19.62%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)

name old alloc/op new alloc/op delta
MapIter/Int/6-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapIter/Int/12-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapIter/Int/18-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapIter/Int/24-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapIter/Int/30-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapIter/Int/64-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapIter/Int/128-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapIter/Int/256-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapIter/Int/512-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapIter/Int/1024-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapIter/Int/2048-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapIter/Int/4096-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapIter/Int/8192-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapIter/Int/65536-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int64/6-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int64/12-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int64/18-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int64/24-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int64/30-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int64/64-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int64/128-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int64/256-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int64/512-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int64/1024-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int64/2048-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int64/4096-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int64/8192-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int64/65536-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int32/6-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int32/12-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int32/18-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int32/24-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int32/30-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int32/64-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int32/128-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int32/256-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int32/512-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int32/1024-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int32/2048-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int32/4096-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int32/8192-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int32/65536-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Str/6-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Str/12-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Str/18-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Str/24-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Str/30-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Str/64-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Str/128-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Str/256-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Str/512-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Str/1024-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Str/2048-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Str/4096-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Str/8192-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Str/65536-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/6-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/12-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/18-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/24-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/30-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/64-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/128-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/256-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/512-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/1024-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/2048-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/4096-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/8192-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/65536-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/6-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/12-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/18-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/24-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/30-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/64-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/128-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/256-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/512-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/1024-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/2048-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/4096-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/8192-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/65536-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Str/6-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Str/12-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Str/18-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Str/24-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Str/30-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Str/64-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Str/128-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Str/256-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Str/512-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Str/1024-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Str/2048-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Str/4096-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Str/8192-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Str/65536-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/6-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/12-16 317B ± 0% 288B ± 0% -9.15% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/18-16 931B ± 0% 864B ± 0% -7.20% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/24-16 1.01kB ± 0% 0.86kB ± 0% -14.37% (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/30-16 2.22kB ± 0% 2.02kB ± 0% -9.13% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/64-16 5.18kB ± 0% 4.32kB ± 0% -16.55% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/128-16 10.8kB ± 0% 9.2kB ± 0% -15.18% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/256-16 21.5kB ± 0% 18.7kB ± 0% -13.15% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/512-16 43.2kB ± 0% 37.1kB ± 0% -14.11% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/1024-16 86.6kB ± 0% 78.0kB ± 0% -9.84% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/2048-16 173kB ± 0% 152kB ± 0% -12.43% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/4096-16 347kB ± 0% 299kB ± 0% -13.72% (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/8192-16 685kB ± 0% 594kB ± 0% -13.32% (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/65536-16 5.45MB ± 0% 4.72MB ± 0% -13.26% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/6-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/12-16 248B ± 0% 224B ± 0% -9.68% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/18-16 728B ± 0% 672B ± 0% -7.69% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/24-16 793B ± 0% 672B ± 0% -15.26% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/30-16 1.74kB ± 0% 1.57kB ± 0% -9.70% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/64-16 4.01kB ± 0% 3.36kB ± 0% -16.15% (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/128-16 8.34kB ± 0% 7.46kB ± 0% -10.56% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/256-16 17.0kB ± 0% 15.6kB ± 0% -7.90% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/512-16 34.2kB ± 0% 30.0kB ± 0% -12.26% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/1024-16 68.5kB ± 0% 58.7kB ± 0% -14.39% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/2048-16 137kB ± 0% 116kB ± 0% -15.43% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/4096-16 266kB ± 0% 231kB ± 0% -13.33% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/8192-16 532kB ± 0% 460kB ± 0% -13.57% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/65536-16 4.25MB ± 0% 3.67MB ± 0% -13.70% (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapAssignGrow/Str/6-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAssignGrow/Str/12-16 446B ± 0% 416B ± 0% -6.73% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/18-16 1.38kB ± 0% 1.31kB ± 0% -5.13% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/24-16 1.47kB ± 0% 1.31kB ± 0% -10.63% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/30-16 3.32kB ± 0% 3.10kB ± 0% -6.62% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/64-16 7.76kB ± 0% 6.56kB ± 0% -15.42% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/128-16 16.1kB ± 0% 13.3kB ± 0% -16.91% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/256-16 30.5kB ± 0% 26.9kB ± 0% -11.71% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/512-16 61.1kB ± 0% 54.2kB ± 0% -11.30% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/1024-16 122kB ± 0% 112kB ± 0% -8.66% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/2048-16 244kB ± 0% 218kB ± 0% -10.63% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/4096-16 487kB ± 0% 431kB ± 0% -11.58% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/8192-16 974kB ± 0% 857kB ± 0% -12.05% (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAssignGrow/Str/65536-16 7.74MB ± 0% 6.82MB ± 0% -11.89% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/6-16 48.0B ± 0% 48.0B ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/12-16 405B ± 0% 384B ± 0% -5.09% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/18-16 731B ± 0% 720B ± 0% -1.50% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/24-16 837B ± 0% 768B ± 0% -8.24% (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/30-16 1.40kB ± 0% 1.39kB ± 0% -0.71% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/64-16 3.22kB ± 0% 2.82kB ± 0% -12.66% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/128-16 6.42kB ± 0% 5.89kB ± 0% -8.34% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/256-16 12.3kB ± 0% 11.5kB ± 0% -6.43% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/512-16 24.6kB ± 0% 22.5kB ± 0% -8.42% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/1024-16 49.2kB ± 0% 49.2kB ± 0% -0.05% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/2048-16 98.3kB ± 0% 90.1kB ± 0% -8.36% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/4096-16 197kB ± 0% 180kB ± 0% -8.34% (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/8192-16 385kB ± 0% 360kB ± 0% -6.39% (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/65536-16 3.03MB ± 0% 2.88MB ± 0% -4.87% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/6-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/12-16 317B ± 0% 288B ± 0% -9.15% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/18-16 591B ± 0% 576B ± 0% -2.54% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/24-16 672B ± 0% 576B ± 0% -14.29% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/30-16 1.17kB ± 0% 1.15kB ± 0% -1.20% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/64-16 2.72kB ± 0% 2.30kB ± 0% -15.29% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/128-16 5.42kB ± 0% 4.86kB ± 0% -10.23% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/256-16 10.3kB ± 0% 9.5kB ± 0% -8.03% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/512-16 20.6kB ± 0% 18.4kB ± 0% -10.39% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/1024-16 41.1kB ± 0% 41.0kB ± 0% -0.37% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/2048-16 82.2kB ± 0% 73.7kB ± 0% -10.30% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/4096-16 164kB ± 0% 147kB ± 0% -10.29% (p=0.006 n=7+9)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/8192-16 321kB ± 0% 295kB ± 0% -7.99% (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/65536-16 2.51MB ± 0% 2.36MB ± 0% -6.19% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/6-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/12-16 248B ± 0% 224B ± 0% -9.68% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/18-16 461B ± 0% 448B ± 0% -2.82% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/24-16 528B ± 0% 448B ± 0% -15.15% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/30-16 908B ± 0% 896B ± 0% -1.32% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/64-16 2.08kB ± 0% 1.79kB ± 0% -13.85% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/128-16 4.14kB ± 0% 4.10kB ± 0% -1.01% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/256-16 8.25kB ± 0% 8.19kB ± 0% -0.71% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/512-16 16.5kB ± 0% 14.3kB ± 0% -12.98% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/1024-16 32.9kB ± 0% 28.7kB ± 0% -12.91% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/2048-16 65.8kB ± 0% 57.3kB ± 0% -12.87% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/4096-16 123kB ± 0% 115kB ± 0% -7.07% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/8192-16 247kB ± 0% 229kB ± 0% -7.06% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/65536-16 1.96MB ± 0% 1.84MB ± 0% -6.28% (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/6-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/12-16 446B ± 0% 416B ± 0% -6.73% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/18-16 912B ± 0% 896B ± 0% -1.75% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/24-16 1.00kB ± 0% 0.90kB ± 0% -10.04% (p=0.002 n=8+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/30-16 1.81kB ± 0% 1.79kB ± 0% -0.81% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/64-16 4.12kB ± 0% 3.46kB ± 0% -16.12% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/128-16 8.22kB ± 0% 6.78kB ± 0% -17.43% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/256-16 14.4kB ± 0% 13.6kB ± 0% -5.52% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/512-16 28.7kB ± 0% 27.3kB ± 0% -4.99% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/1024-16 57.4kB ± 0% 57.3kB ± 0% -0.04% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/2048-16 115kB ± 0% 106kB ± 0% -7.16% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/4096-16 229kB ± 0% 213kB ± 0% -7.15% (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/8192-16 459kB ± 0% 426kB ± 0% -7.15% (p=0.001 n=8+9)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/65536-16 3.62MB ± 0% 3.41MB ± 0% -5.88% (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/6-16 48.0B ± 0% 48.0B ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/12-16 117B ± 1% 96B ± 0% -17.74% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/18-16 155B ± 0% 144B ± 0% -7.10% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/24-16 261B ± 0% 192B ± 0% -26.52% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/30-16 250B ± 0% 240B ± 0% -4.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/64-16 512B ± 0% 512B ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/128-16 1.02kB ± 0% 1.02kB ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/256-16 2.05kB ± 0% 2.05kB ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/512-16 4.10kB ± 0% 4.10kB ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/1024-16 8.19kB ± 0% 8.19kB ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/2048-16 16.4kB ± 0% 16.4kB ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/4096-16 32.8kB ± 0% 32.8kB ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/8192-16 65.5kB ± 0% 65.5kB ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/65536-16 524kB ± 0% 524kB ± 0% ~ (p=0.137 n=10+8)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/6-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/12-16 25.0B ± 0% 0.0B -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/18-16 13.0B ± 0% 0.0B -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/24-16 85.0B ± 0% 0.0B -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/30-16 12.0B ± 0% 0.0B -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/64-16 8.00B ± 0% 0.00B -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/128-16 18.0B ± 0% 0.0B -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/256-16 34.0B ± 0% 0.0B -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/512-16 66.0B ± 0% 0.0B -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/1024-16 128B ± 0% 0B -100.00% (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/2048-16 252B ± 0% 0B -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/4096-16 506B ± 0% 0B -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/8192-16 1.03kB ± 0% 0.00kB -100.00% (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/65536-16 8.21kB ± 0% 0.00kB -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/6-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/12-16 20.7B ± 3% 0.0B -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/18-16 11.0B ± 0% 0.0B -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/24-16 69.0B ± 0% 0.0B -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/30-16 10.0B ± 0% 0.0B -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/64-16 8.00B ± 0% 0.00B -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/128-16 18.0B ± 0% 0.0B -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/256-16 34.0B ± 0% 0.0B -100.00% (p=0.002 n=8+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/512-16 66.0B ± 0% 0.0B -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/1024-16 128B ± 0% 0B -100.00% (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/2048-16 252B ± 0% 0B -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/4096-16 506B ± 0% 0B -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/8192-16 1.03kB ± 0% 0.00kB -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/65536-16 8.21kB ± 0% 0.00kB -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Str/6-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Str/12-16 30.0B ± 0% 0.0B -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Str/18-16 16.0B ± 0% 0.0B -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Str/24-16 100B ± 0% 0B -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Str/30-16 14.7B ± 5% 0.0B -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Str/64-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Str/128-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Str/256-16 0.30B ±233% 0.00B ~ (p=0.211 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Str/512-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Str/1024-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Str/2048-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Str/4096-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Str/8192-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Str/65536-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)

name old allocs/op new allocs/op delta
MapIter/Int/6-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapIter/Int/12-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapIter/Int/18-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapIter/Int/24-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapIter/Int/30-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapIter/Int/64-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapIter/Int/128-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapIter/Int/256-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapIter/Int/512-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapIter/Int/1024-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapIter/Int/2048-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapIter/Int/4096-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapIter/Int/8192-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapIter/Int/65536-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int64/6-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int64/12-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int64/18-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int64/24-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int64/30-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int64/64-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int64/128-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int64/256-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int64/512-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int64/1024-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int64/2048-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int64/4096-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int64/8192-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int64/65536-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int32/6-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int32/12-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int32/18-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int32/24-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int32/30-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int32/64-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int32/128-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int32/256-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int32/512-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int32/1024-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int32/2048-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int32/4096-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int32/8192-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Int32/65536-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Str/6-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Str/12-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Str/18-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Str/24-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Str/30-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Str/64-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Str/128-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Str/256-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Str/512-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Str/1024-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Str/2048-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Str/4096-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Str/8192-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessHit/Str/65536-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/6-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/12-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/18-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/24-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/30-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/64-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/128-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/256-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/512-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/1024-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/2048-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/4096-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/8192-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int64/65536-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/6-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/12-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/18-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/24-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/30-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/64-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/128-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/256-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/512-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/1024-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/2048-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/4096-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/8192-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Int32/65536-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Str/6-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Str/12-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Str/18-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Str/24-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Str/30-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Str/64-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Str/128-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Str/256-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Str/512-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Str/1024-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Str/2048-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Str/4096-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Str/8192-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAccessMiss/Str/65536-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/6-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/12-16 1.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/18-16 3.00 ± 0% 2.00 ± 0% -33.33% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/24-16 4.00 ± 0% 2.00 ± 0% -50.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/30-16 6.00 ± 0% 3.00 ± 0% -50.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/64-16 12.0 ± 0% 4.0 ± 0% -66.67% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/128-16 19.0 ± 0% 5.0 ± 0% -73.68% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/256-16 27.0 ± 0% 6.0 ± 0% -77.78% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/512-16 42.0 ± 0% 7.0 ± 0% -83.33% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/1024-16 64.0 ± 0% 8.0 ± 0% -87.50% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/2048-16 100 ± 1% 9 ± 0% -90.96% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/4096-16 162 ± 0% 10 ± 0% -93.81% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/8192-16 274 ± 0% 11 ± 0% -95.99% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int64/65536-16 2.35k ± 0% 0.01k ± 0% -99.40% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/6-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/12-16 1.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/18-16 3.00 ± 0% 2.00 ± 0% -33.33% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/24-16 4.00 ± 0% 2.00 ± 0% -50.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/30-16 6.00 ± 0% 3.00 ± 0% -50.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/64-16 12.0 ± 0% 4.0 ± 0% -66.67% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/128-16 19.0 ± 0% 5.0 ± 0% -73.68% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/256-16 28.0 ± 0% 6.0 ± 0% -78.57% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/512-16 41.0 ± 0% 7.0 ± 0% -82.93% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/1024-16 59.0 ± 0% 8.0 ± 0% -86.44% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/2048-16 86.5 ± 1% 9.0 ± 0% -89.60% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/4096-16 131 ± 1% 10 ± 0% -92.38% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/8192-16 284 ± 0% 11 ± 0% -96.13% (p=0.002 n=8+10)
MapAssignGrow/Int32/65536-16 2.37k ± 0% 0.01k ± 0% -99.41% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/6-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignGrow/Str/12-16 1.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignGrow/Str/18-16 2.00 ± 0% 2.00 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignGrow/Str/24-16 2.00 ± 0% 2.00 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignGrow/Str/30-16 4.00 ± 0% 3.00 ± 0% -25.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/64-16 7.00 ± 0% 4.00 ± 0% -42.86% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/128-16 9.00 ± 0% 5.00 ± 0% -44.44% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/256-16 10.0 ± 0% 6.0 ± 0% -40.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/512-16 20.0 ± 0% 7.0 ± 0% -65.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/1024-16 39.0 ± 0% 8.0 ± 0% -79.49% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/2048-16 74.0 ± 0% 9.0 ± 0% -87.84% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/4096-16 143 ± 0% 10 ± 0% -93.01% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/8192-16 280 ± 0% 11 ± 0% -96.07% (p=0.002 n=8+10)
MapAssignGrow/Str/65536-16 2.33k ± 0% 0.01k ± 0% -99.40% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/6-16 6.00 ± 0% 6.00 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/12-16 13.0 ± 0% 13.0 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/18-16 19.0 ± 0% 19.0 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/24-16 25.0 ± 0% 25.0 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/30-16 31.0 ± 0% 31.0 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/64-16 66.0 ± 0% 65.0 ± 0% -1.52% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/128-16 130 ± 0% 129 ± 0% -0.77% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/256-16 258 ± 0% 257 ± 0% -0.39% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/512-16 514 ± 0% 513 ± 0% -0.19% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/1024-16 1.03k ± 0% 1.02k ± 0% -0.10% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/2048-16 2.05k ± 0% 2.05k ± 0% -0.05% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/4096-16 4.10k ± 0% 4.10k ± 0% -0.02% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/8192-16 8.19k ± 0% 8.19k ± 0% -0.01% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Pointer/65536-16 65.5k ± 0% 65.5k ± 0% -0.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/6-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/12-16 1.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/18-16 1.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/24-16 2.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% -50.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/30-16 1.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/64-16 2.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% -50.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/128-16 3.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% -66.67% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/256-16 4.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% -75.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/512-16 5.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% -80.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/1024-16 6.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% -83.33% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/2048-16 7.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% -85.71% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/4096-16 8.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% -87.50% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/8192-16 9.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% -88.89% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int64/65536-16 13.0 ± 0% 1.0 ± 0% -92.31% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/6-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/12-16 1.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/18-16 1.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/24-16 2.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% -50.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/30-16 1.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/64-16 2.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% -50.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/128-16 3.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% -66.67% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/256-16 4.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% -75.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/512-16 5.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% -80.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/1024-16 6.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% -83.33% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/2048-16 7.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% -85.71% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/4096-16 8.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% -87.50% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/8192-16 9.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% -88.89% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Int32/65536-16 13.0 ± 0% 1.0 ± 0% -92.31% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/6-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/12-16 1.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/18-16 1.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/24-16 1.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/30-16 1.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/64-16 2.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% -50.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/128-16 2.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% -50.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/256-16 2.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% -50.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/512-16 2.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% -50.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/1024-16 2.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% -50.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/2048-16 2.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% -50.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/4096-16 2.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% -50.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/8192-16 2.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% -50.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignPreAllocate/Str/65536-16 2.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% -50.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/6-16 6.00 ± 0% 6.00 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/12-16 12.0 ± 0% 12.0 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/18-16 18.0 ± 0% 18.0 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/24-16 24.0 ± 0% 24.0 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/30-16 30.0 ± 0% 30.0 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/64-16 64.0 ± 0% 64.0 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/128-16 128 ± 0% 128 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/256-16 256 ± 0% 256 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/512-16 512 ± 0% 512 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/1024-16 1.02k ± 0% 1.02k ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/2048-16 2.05k ± 0% 2.05k ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/4096-16 4.10k ± 0% 4.10k ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/8192-16 8.19k ± 0% 8.19k ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Pointer/65536-16 65.5k ± 0% 65.5k ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/6-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/12-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/18-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/24-16 1.00 ± 0% 0.00 -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/30-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/64-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/128-16 1.00 ± 0% 0.00 -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/256-16 2.00 ± 0% 0.00 -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/512-16 3.00 ± 0% 0.00 -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/1024-16 4.00 ± 0% 0.00 -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/2048-16 5.00 ± 0% 0.00 -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/4096-16 6.00 ± 0% 0.00 -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/8192-16 7.00 ± 0% 0.00 -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int64/65536-16 11.0 ± 0% 0.0 -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/6-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/12-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/18-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/24-16 1.00 ± 0% 0.00 -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/30-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/64-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/128-16 1.00 ± 0% 0.00 -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/256-16 2.00 ± 0% 0.00 -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/512-16 3.00 ± 0% 0.00 -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/1024-16 4.00 ± 0% 0.00 -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/2048-16 5.00 ± 0% 0.00 -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/4096-16 6.00 ± 0% 0.00 -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/8192-16 7.00 ± 0% 0.00 -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Int32/65536-16 11.0 ± 0% 0.0 -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAssignReuse/Str/6-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Str/12-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Str/18-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Str/24-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Str/30-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Str/64-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Str/128-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Str/256-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Str/512-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Str/1024-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Str/2048-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Str/4096-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Str/8192-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAssignReuse/Str/65536-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)

Benchmark-2

The benchmarks from runtime.

INFO
name                              old time/op    new time/op      delta
MegMap-16                           9.01ns ± 1%      8.83ns ± 1%       -2.00%  (p=0.000 n=8+8)
MegOneMap-16                        4.59ns ± 1%      9.21ns ± 2%     +100.52%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MegEqMap-16                         20.4µs ± 2%      20.1µs ± 2%       -1.49%  (p=0.011 n=9+9)
MegEmptyMap-16                      2.18ns ± 3%      2.06ns ± 1%       -5.42%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
SmallStrMap-16                      8.27ns ± 1%      7.17ns ± 4%      -13.31%  (p=0.000 n=8+10)
MapStringKeysEight_16-16            6.89ns ± 3%      7.79ns ± 1%      +13.09%  (p=0.000 n=9+8)
MapStringKeysEight_32-16            7.75ns ± 5%      7.97ns ± 0%       +2.83%  (p=0.000 n=10+7)
MapStringKeysEight_64-16            7.66ns ± 3%      8.76ns ± 1%      +14.43%  (p=0.000 n=10+7)
MapStringKeysEight_1M-16            7.72ns ± 3%  16483.00ns ± 1%  +213363.36%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
IntMap-16                           5.21ns ± 1%      6.42ns ±16%      +23.30%  (p=0.000 n=8+10)
MapFirst/1-16                       2.68ns ± 1%      2.45ns ± 1%       -8.78%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapFirst/2-16                       2.68ns ± 1%      2.43ns ± 1%       -9.34%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
MapFirst/3-16                       2.66ns ± 2%      2.44ns ± 1%       -7.98%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapFirst/4-16                       2.68ns ± 1%      2.44ns ± 0%       -8.67%  (p=0.000 n=8+9)
MapFirst/5-16                       2.69ns ± 1%      2.45ns ± 0%       -8.73%  (p=0.000 n=8+8)
MapFirst/6-16                       2.68ns ± 0%      2.44ns ± 1%       -8.78%  (p=0.000 n=8+9)
MapFirst/7-16                       2.69ns ± 1%      2.45ns ± 1%       -9.10%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapFirst/8-16                       2.67ns ± 1%      4.79ns ± 1%      +79.47%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapFirst/9-16                       4.66ns ± 1%      4.75ns ± 2%       +1.98%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapFirst/10-16                      4.68ns ± 2%      4.73ns ± 1%       +1.19%  (p=0.016 n=9+10)
MapFirst/11-16                      4.69ns ± 2%      4.78ns ± 1%       +1.93%  (p=0.000 n=9+8)
MapFirst/12-16                      4.64ns ± 2%      4.75ns ± 2%       +2.47%  (p=0.005 n=10+10)
MapFirst/13-16                      4.69ns ± 1%      4.78ns ± 1%       +1.86%  (p=0.000 n=8+9)
MapFirst/14-16                      4.68ns ± 2%      4.79ns ± 1%       +2.34%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapFirst/15-16                      4.67ns ± 1%      6.90ns ± 2%      +47.88%  (p=0.000 n=8+10)
MapFirst/16-16                      4.65ns ± 2%      6.95ns ± 1%      +49.60%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapMid/1-16                         2.68ns ± 1%      2.62ns ± 1%       -2.15%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapMid/2-16                         3.23ns ± 1%      2.95ns ± 1%       -8.59%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapMid/3-16                         3.21ns ± 1%      2.94ns ± 0%       -8.33%  (p=0.000 n=10+7)
MapMid/4-16                         3.64ns ± 2%      3.46ns ± 1%       -4.84%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapMid/5-16                         3.67ns ± 1%      3.47ns ± 1%       -5.46%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapMid/6-16                         4.15ns ± 2%      3.93ns ± 1%       -5.25%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapMid/7-16                         4.19ns ± 1%      3.91ns ± 1%       -6.55%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapMid/8-16                         4.84ns ± 2%      5.76ns ±11%      +19.02%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapMid/9-16                         5.66ns ±10%      5.83ns ± 9%         ~     (p=0.393 n=10+10)
MapMid/10-16                        5.81ns ± 5%      6.20ns ± 4%       +6.67%  (p=0.001 n=8+7)
MapMid/11-16                        5.80ns ± 4%      6.17ns ±11%         ~     (p=0.278 n=9+10)
MapMid/12-16                        5.87ns ±10%      6.26ns ± 2%       +6.48%  (p=0.008 n=9+7)
MapMid/13-16                        6.15ns ±13%      5.92ns ± 8%         ~     (p=0.315 n=10+8)
MapMid/14-16                        5.29ns ± 8%      6.18ns ±14%      +16.89%  (p=0.001 n=9+10)
MapMid/15-16                        5.44ns ±12%      7.04ns ± 2%      +29.37%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapMid/16-16                        5.91ns ±11%      7.18ns ± 3%      +21.44%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapLast/1-16                        2.69ns ± 1%      2.64ns ± 2%       -2.00%  (p=0.000 n=8+10)
MapLast/2-16                        3.22ns ± 2%      2.93ns ± 1%       -9.05%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapLast/3-16                        3.66ns ± 2%      3.47ns ± 1%       -5.17%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapLast/4-16                        4.20ns ± 1%      3.88ns ± 2%       -7.54%  (p=0.000 n=8+9)
MapLast/5-16                        4.85ns ± 2%      4.39ns ± 2%       -9.53%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
MapLast/6-16                        5.33ns ± 1%      5.10ns ± 8%       -4.27%  (p=0.017 n=9+10)
MapLast/7-16                        5.79ns ± 1%      5.33ns ± 2%       -7.93%  (p=0.000 n=9+8)
MapLast/8-16                        6.28ns ± 1%      6.55ns ±17%         ~     (p=0.704 n=9+10)
MapLast/9-16                        6.90ns ±18%      6.87ns ±12%         ~     (p=1.000 n=9+9)
MapLast/10-16                       6.83ns ±15%      7.32ns ± 7%       +7.10%  (p=0.010 n=9+8)
MapLast/11-16                       7.84ns ± 3%      7.46ns ± 5%       -4.78%  (p=0.006 n=7+8)
MapLast/12-16                       7.58ns ± 9%      7.58ns ±12%         ~     (p=0.743 n=8+9)
MapLast/13-16                       9.15ns ±25%     14.06ns ± 2%      +53.70%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapLast/14-16                       6.31ns ±15%      7.95ns ± 8%      +25.94%  (p=0.000 n=9+8)
MapLast/15-16                       6.20ns ±16%      7.11ns ± 2%      +14.59%  (p=0.004 n=10+10)
MapLast/16-16                       6.78ns ±19%      7.19ns ± 1%         ~     (p=0.139 n=9+8)
MapCycle-16                         11.5ns ± 2%      15.8ns ± 2%      +36.83%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
RepeatedLookupStrMapKey32-16        9.37ns ± 2%      7.81ns ± 1%      -16.67%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
RepeatedLookupStrMapKey1M-16        16.6µs ± 1%      16.6µs ± 2%         ~     (p=0.604 n=10+9)
MakeMap/[Byte]Byte-16                120ns ± 1%       116ns ± 1%       -3.61%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MakeMap/[Int]Int-16                  164ns ± 1%       160ns ± 0%       -2.36%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
NewEmptyMap-16                      4.32ns ± 1%      4.55ns ± 3%       +5.26%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
NewSmallMap-16                      19.4ns ± 2%      24.1ns ± 1%      +24.31%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapIter-16                          73.7ns ± 2%      82.3ns ± 3%      +11.60%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapIterEmpty-16                     3.65ns ± 1%      4.11ns ± 2%      +12.80%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
SameLengthMap-16                    3.14ns ± 2%      3.38ns ± 2%       +7.50%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
BigKeyMap-16                        10.0ns ± 4%      11.9ns ± 1%      +18.84%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
BigValMap-16                        10.0ns ± 3%      11.9ns ± 2%      +18.74%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
SmallKeyMap-16                      8.51ns ± 1%      9.91ns ± 1%      +16.44%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapPopulate/1-16                    10.4ns ± 1%      14.4ns ± 2%      +38.28%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
MapPopulate/10-16                    608ns ± 1%       495ns ± 1%      -18.58%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapPopulate/100-16                  9.32µs ± 1%      6.28µs ± 1%      -32.59%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapPopulate/1000-16                  111µs ± 0%        86µs ± 0%      -22.28%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapPopulate/10000-16                 965µs ± 0%       745µs ± 1%      -22.78%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapPopulate/100000-16               10.4ms ± 1%       7.4ms ± 0%      -28.46%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
ComplexAlgMap-16                    20.6ns ± 1%      22.9ns ± 1%      +10.86%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
GoMapClear/Reflexive/1-16           19.3ns ± 1%      17.9ns ± 1%       -7.39%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
GoMapClear/Reflexive/10-16          21.2ns ± 1%      18.9ns ± 2%      -10.91%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
GoMapClear/Reflexive/100-16         37.3ns ± 1%      40.2ns ± 1%       +7.90%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
GoMapClear/Reflexive/1000-16         345ns ± 2%       433ns ± 1%      +25.73%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
GoMapClear/Reflexive/10000-16       2.62µs ± 1%      3.94µs ± 1%      +50.33%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
GoMapClear/NonReflexive/1-16        80.2ns ± 2%      62.8ns ± 2%      -21.61%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
GoMapClear/NonReflexive/10-16       92.2ns ± 2%      72.5ns ± 2%      -21.42%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
GoMapClear/NonReflexive/100-16       216ns ± 2%       101ns ± 1%      -53.49%  (p=0.000 n=9+8)
GoMapClear/NonReflexive/1000-16     2.13µs ± 1%      0.34µs ± 2%      -84.02%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
GoMapClear/NonReflexive/10000-16    16.4µs ± 1%       2.1µs ± 1%      -86.96%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapStringConversion/32/simple-16    7.79ns ± 1%     12.22ns ± 1%      +56.92%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
MapStringConversion/32/struct-16    7.72ns ± 1%     12.32ns ± 2%      +59.70%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapStringConversion/32/array-16     7.72ns ± 3%     12.00ns ± 3%      +55.34%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapStringConversion/64/simple-16    7.47ns ± 1%     11.77ns ± 3%      +57.65%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapStringConversion/64/struct-16    7.49ns ± 1%     11.94ns ± 2%      +59.38%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapStringConversion/64/array-16     7.50ns ± 1%     11.92ns ± 2%      +58.89%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapInterfaceString-16               11.2ns ± 5%      13.7ns ±61%         ~     (p=1.000 n=8+10)
MapInterfacePtr-16                  10.8ns ±29%      11.3ns ±52%         ~     (p=0.684 n=10+10)
NewEmptyMapHintLessThan8-16         6.54ns ± 1%      6.04ns ± 1%       -7.56%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
NewEmptyMapHintGreaterThan8-16       271ns ± 2%       268ns ± 1%         ~     (p=0.062 n=10+9)
MapPop100-16                        10.8µs ± 6%       7.2µs ±14%      -33.41%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapPop1000-16                        170µs ± 1%       101µs ± 1%      -40.54%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
MapPop10000-16                      3.35ms ± 3%      1.74ms ± 4%      -48.15%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAssign/Int32/256-16              10.1ns ± 4%       8.9ns ± 1%      -12.13%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAssign/Int32/65536-16            22.0ns ± 1%      12.9ns ± 1%      -41.11%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapAssign/Int64/256-16              10.7ns ± 2%       8.6ns ± 2%      -19.79%  (p=0.000 n=8+9)
MapAssign/Int64/65536-16            23.2ns ± 2%      13.1ns ± 2%      -43.39%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAssign/Str/256-16                16.6ns ± 4%      13.1ns ± 3%      -21.18%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAssign/Str/65536-16              27.5ns ± 3%      20.5ns ± 3%      -25.66%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapOperatorAssign/Int32/256-16      9.89ns ± 2%      8.69ns ± 3%      -12.15%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
MapOperatorAssign/Int32/65536-16    21.9ns ± 1%      12.8ns ± 3%      -41.52%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapOperatorAssign/Int64/256-16      10.9ns ± 3%       8.6ns ± 1%      -21.20%  (p=0.000 n=9+8)
MapOperatorAssign/Int64/65536-16    22.4ns ± 0%      13.2ns ± 2%      -41.15%  (p=0.000 n=7+9)
MapOperatorAssign/Str/256-16        1.43µs ± 2%      1.40µs ± 1%       -1.93%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapOperatorAssign/Str/65536-16       234ns ± 3%       237ns ± 4%         ~     (p=0.138 n=10+10)
MapAppendAssign/Int32/256-16        21.0ns ± 2%      20.1ns ± 4%       -4.43%  (p=0.000 n=8+10)
MapAppendAssign/Int32/65536-16      38.5ns ± 2%      33.9ns ± 2%      -12.00%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAppendAssign/Int64/256-16        21.4ns ± 3%      20.4ns ± 6%       -4.26%  (p=0.008 n=9+10)
MapAppendAssign/Int64/65536-16      39.8ns ± 2%      34.9ns ± 1%      -12.40%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapAppendAssign/Str/256-16          52.8ns ± 7%      52.1ns ± 5%         ~     (p=0.739 n=10+10)
MapAppendAssign/Str/65536-16        66.5ns ± 2%      67.7ns ± 1%       +1.94%  (p=0.004 n=9+9)
MapDelete/Int32/100-16              27.7ns ± 2%      17.8ns ± 2%      -35.77%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapDelete/Int32/1000-16             22.6ns ± 2%      12.8ns ± 1%      -43.31%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
MapDelete/Int32/10000-16            25.0ns ± 2%      15.2ns ± 1%      -39.33%  (p=0.000 n=7+10)
MapDelete/Int64/100-16              29.8ns ± 3%      17.6ns ± 2%      -40.98%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapDelete/Int64/1000-16             23.3ns ± 2%      13.1ns ± 1%      -43.77%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
MapDelete/Int64/10000-16            25.6ns ± 2%      16.1ns ± 1%      -37.13%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
MapDelete/Str/100-16                38.4ns ± 4%      24.8ns ± 2%      -35.29%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapDelete/Str/1000-16               30.8ns ± 2%      20.7ns ± 1%      -32.72%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapDelete/Str/10000-16              35.8ns ± 2%      24.4ns ± 2%      -31.95%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapDelete/Pointer/100-16            30.7ns ± 2%      21.0ns ± 1%      -31.69%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapDelete/Pointer/1000-16           24.5ns ± 2%      16.6ns ± 1%      -32.37%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapDelete/Pointer/10000-16          27.1ns ± 3%      19.8ns ± 2%      -26.87%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)

name old alloc/op new alloc/op delta
NewEmptyMap-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
NewSmallMap-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapPopulate/1-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapPopulate/10-16 179B ± 0% 176B ± 0% -1.68% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapPopulate/100-16 3.35kB ± 0% 2.64kB ± 0% -21.16% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapPopulate/1000-16 53.3kB ± 0% 48.7kB ± 0% -8.62% (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapPopulate/10000-16 428kB ± 0% 368kB ± 0% -13.87% (p=0.000 n=9+10)
MapPopulate/100000-16 3.62MB ± 0% 2.89MB ± 0% -20.08% (p=0.000 n=8+10)
MapStringConversion/32/simple-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapStringConversion/32/struct-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapStringConversion/32/array-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapStringConversion/64/simple-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapStringConversion/64/struct-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
MapStringConversion/64/array-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
NewEmptyMapHintLessThan8-16 0.00B 0.00B ~ (all equal)
NewEmptyMapHintGreaterThan8-16 1.15kB ± 0% 1.15kB ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAppendAssign/Int32/256-16 45.5B ± 3% 43.5B ±13% ~ (p=0.291 n=8+10)
MapAppendAssign/Int32/65536-16 18.3B ± 4% 16.7B ± 4% -8.74% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapAppendAssign/Int64/256-16 42.8B ±12% 44.5B ±15% ~ (p=0.466 n=10+10)
MapAppendAssign/Int64/65536-16 18.6B ± 8% 17.0B ± 0% -8.60% (p=0.000 n=10+9)
MapAppendAssign/Str/256-16 88.1B ± 4% 87.9B ± 4% ~ (p=1.000 n=10+10)
MapAppendAssign/Str/65536-16 35.0B ± 0% 33.4B ± 4% -4.57% (p=0.000 n=6+10)

name old allocs/op new allocs/op delta
NewEmptyMap-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
NewSmallMap-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapPopulate/1-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapPopulate/10-16 1.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapPopulate/100-16 17.0 ± 0% 4.0 ± 0% -76.47% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapPopulate/1000-16 72.7 ± 1% 8.0 ± 0% -89.00% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapPopulate/10000-16 319 ± 0% 11 ± 0% -96.55% (p=0.002 n=8+10)
MapPopulate/100000-16 4.00k ± 0% 0.01k ± 0% -99.65% (p=0.000 n=10+10)
MapStringConversion/32/simple-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapStringConversion/32/struct-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapStringConversion/32/array-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapStringConversion/64/simple-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapStringConversion/64/struct-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapStringConversion/64/array-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
NewEmptyMapHintLessThan8-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
NewEmptyMapHintGreaterThan8-16 1.00 ± 0% 1.00 ± 0% ~ (all equal)
MapAppendAssign/Int32/256-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAppendAssign/Int32/65536-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAppendAssign/Int64/256-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAppendAssign/Int64/65536-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAppendAssign/Str/256-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)
MapAppendAssign/Str/65536-16 0.00 0.00 ~ (all equal)

@gopherbot
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Change https://go.dev/cl/426614 mentions this issue: runtime: use SwissTable

@seankhliao
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cc @golang/runtime

@seankhliao seankhliao added the NeedsInvestigation Someone must examine and confirm this is a valid issue and not a duplicate of an existing one. label Aug 30, 2022
@prattmic
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cc @randall77

Overall this sounds great. The main concern I have up front here is that growing happens all at once rather than incrementally. Could you explain more why that is and if it is possible to do so incrementally?

@aaronbee
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Do iterators get invalidated when the map is modified? This is common for open-addressing hash tables. An important feature of the current map is that you can modify the map while iterating and the iterator still works.

@aaronbee
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Do iterators get invalidated when the map is modified? This is common for open-addressing hash tables. An important feature of the current map is that you can modify the map while iterating and the iterator still works.

I checked the implementation and it does look like iterators stay valid when the map is modified.

@randall77
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The semantics of Go iterators basically mean you can't move items in the map data structure once you've placed them. So, for instance, you can't move a valid item to fill in a deleted one - you need to always use a tombstone. But other than that, iterators don't add much of a restriction to the implementation.

@aclements
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This is really exciting. Thanks for doing all of this work.

The benchmarks from runtime.

There are many slowdowns in these benchmarks, some quite significant. Do you understand the source of these slowdowns? Is it something that can be fixed?

The previous implementation uses incremental rehash

This is an important property to maintain because it can significantly impact the tail latency of services. We've done a lot of work throughout the Go runtime over the years to avoid unpredictable performance spikes and it would be a shame to regress here.

I'm not personally familiar with the details of SwissTable. Is incremental rehashing something that can be done and just hasn't been implemented yet, or is it fundamentally difficult?

If it's fundamentally difficult to do directly in SwissTable, I've been kickaround the the idea of adopting aspects of extendible hashing for a while, which could be a general solution to incremental resizing. I should probably just file an "idea" issue about this, but I'll try to lay it out here.

The idea is that, once a hash table grows beyond some size threshold based on bounding how long it takes to resize a map, you switch to a two-level scheme. I'm guessing that threshold would be around 4MiB, but that would have to be determined experimentally. In the two-level scheme, the top level is an index array keyed by the top k bits of the hash, which then points to map shards, which are individual SwissTables. The Wikipedia article I linked has some good diagrams for visualizing this. Each shard s contains only the items whose top js <= k bits are all identical, and multiple index entries will point to the same shard if that shard's js < k. When an individual shard overflows the threshold size, you split just that shard into two new shards s1 and s2 with js1 = js2 = js+1, and update the index. If js1 > k, then you also double the index array in order to increase k by 1.

This would enable incremental growth and bound the resize cost paid by any single map operation. Iterators can continue to work while a map is resized by holding on to the pre-resize shard they are currently iterating (let the GC collect this once all iterators have moved past it). It would also reduce overall memory footprint because the total memory size of a map doesn't have to be a power of two (even if each individual shard is). It would result in less memory fragmentation caused by large maps because it limits the size of each individual allocation. And it would address problems with our current map resizing algorithm where, if a map is grown to a size that puts it into resizing mode, but then modifications stop and the application switches to only reading from the map, accesses are relatively slow and the map continues to consume additional memory (#51410).

@mknyszek
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I placed this in the Unplanned milestone for now since it seems like there's still a bunch to discuss before landing it (it's non-committal). I assigned it to @zhangyunhao116 since you're driving the effort at the moment.

@zhangyunhao116
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Thanks for your advice! @aclements

We hope to get more feedback from the community and the Go team.

Do you understand the source of these slowdowns? Is it something that can be fixed?

Many reasons affect the performance degradation of these benchmarks(for basic version):

  • Most benchmarks from the Go runtime are running on a small map(contains very few elements). The original implementation has a feature called emptyRest that would break the current loop after encountering it. SwissTable does not have this feature. In this case, the previous implementation is better(the situation is usually reversed with the larger map. ). This affects the performance of BigKeyMap and MapStringConversion. In most cases, the larger the number of map elements, the better performance of the SwissTable.

  • The Go runtime's mapaccess benchmarks only test the hit case ( MapFirst MapMid MapLast). SwissTable tends to perform better in the case of Miss.

  • The growth of SwissTable is done at once, which means in some cases, the performance will be significantly degraded. For MapStringKeysEight, because it inserts a total of 8 elements if using SwissTable, now the map is composed of two buckets; this invalidates our optimization when the number of buckets is 1 in map_faststr.go. We can also observe a similar case in MapFirst, where there is a significant performance change when the number of buckets changes. Some of these problems may be solved by adding special optimizations, such as growing the capacity after the first bucket is full.

  • We removed some optimizations to avoid a CL containing many changes, such as

    • Store bucketmask instead of B. So that we don't need to calculate the bucketmask every time, it can save about 0.3ns each time, about 10% improvement for some benchmarks that consume less time.
    • Remove the overflow pointer in the bucket. It will help the overall performance and GC.

Is incremental rehashing something that can be done and just hasn't been implemented yet, or is it fundamentally difficult?

I think it is fundamentally difficult since a single empty slot in SwissTable can break the search process(https://faultlore.com/blah/hashbrown-tldr/#deletion).

If it's fundamentally difficult to do directly in SwissTable, I've been kickaround the the idea of adopting aspects of extendible hashing for a while, which could be a general solution to incremental resizing. I should probably just file an "idea" issue about this, but I'll try to lay it out here.

That sounds like a great idea! I'll think about this idea carefully later.
We plan to internally deploy this change to some latency-sensitive services to observe the impact. If there is a significant impact on the latency, we will also consider using different ways to solve it if possible.

@beoran
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beoran commented Sep 5, 2022

I like to use small maps for many purposes, so it worries me a bit that SwissTable seems to perform worse for them. Maybe a special case is needed for small maps?

@zhangyunhao116
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zhangyunhao116 commented Sep 6, 2022

Maybe a special case is needed for small maps?

Yes, but it may have to consider carefully(optimizing the small map may cause performance impact in other situations).

SwissTable does not always cause worse performance for small maps, and we can see the cases in the benchmark(e.g., in most key miss scenarios, the performance improves instead). Could you please tell me the cases where the small maps are often used?

Some of the slowdowns in the benchmarks can be fixed. PatchSet 10 should fix the slowdown of Pop in the runtime benchmark. I will update the benchmark result later :)

@beoran
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beoran commented Sep 6, 2022

Well I use small maps often in stead of case statements, or for mapping a few input file names to processors, or for lookups such as os.Substitute can do. I am looking forward to the improved results.

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Thanks for the detailed breakdown of the performance losses! My take is that there are two things that need to happen on that front:

  • Work on improving the small map case. I'm okay with some slowdown here, but I also think these are common enough that it's worth some effort to improve.
  • Optionally, improve the runtime's map benchmarks. It seems like we just don't have great benchmarks. :) We should continue to cover the small map case, though. If I'm interpreting the names of the benchmarks from your suite correctly, it looks like you are covering small maps.

You mentioned that SwissTable is better for the "miss" case than the "hit" case. If I understand your layout correctly (I haven't looked closely), you're already packing the tophash and the data together, so you'd expect one cache miss for a hit. Is that right? Does the SIMD version of SwissTable level the field between the hit and miss cases at all?

@aclements
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Stepping back, I think there are three high-level potential concerns to address with this:

Incremental resizing. We've already been discussing this above. :)

DoS prevention. Currently, Go maps have fairly strong denial-of-service properties. The main concern is if an attacker can control the placement of items to induce collisions, leading to n^2 behavior. Having a good, per-map seed that is factored into the hash computation (not just combined at the end) goes a long way toward preventing this. Beyond this, the concern becomes leaking too much information about long-lived maps such that an attacker could reconstruct the seed. Having non-deterministic iteration order helps a lot here. A third problem is that copying elements one-by-one from one map into another, newly allocated map can easily go n^2, but having a per-map seed also mitigates that. I think all of these mechanisms are still in place in your implementation, but wanted to confirm that.

SIMD, specifically how to actually use SIMD instructions in the map implementation. The most straightforward approach is to write the SIMD bits in assembly, but that has significant maintainability problems and may even perform worse because of the cost of transitioning to and from assembly. So, that suggests adding compiler intrinsics. General SIMD intrinsics are a wide-open area right now and I don't think we want to block the map implementation on solving that problem. :) A lot of proposals have floated around (admittedly, some of which have not been published). We could start trying them out just in the runtime. Or, if I understand correctly, SwissTable doesn't need very many or any particularly fancy SIMD operations, so maybe we just hack in some intrinsics (which we could use as a starting point for more general exploration).

@CAFxX
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CAFxX commented Sep 8, 2022

The main concern is if an attacker can control the placement of items to induce collisions, leading to n^2 behavior. Having a good, per-map seed that is factored into the hash computation (not just combined at the end) goes a long way toward preventing this. Beyond this, the concern becomes leaking too much information about long-lived maps such that an attacker could reconstruct the seed. Having non-deterministic iteration order helps a lot here. A third problem is that copying elements one-by-one from one map into another, newly allocated map can easily go n^2, but having a per-map seed also mitigates that. I think all of these mechanisms are still in place in your implementation, but wanted to confirm that.

Another option that would help alleviate most n^2 concerns is having a per-map seed that changes when the map grows/shrinks.

@josharian
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a per-map seed that changes when the map grows/shrinks.

This is challenging with incremental map growth. FWIW, I believe we do opportunistically reset the seed when the length hits zero.

@zhangyunhao116
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zhangyunhao116 commented Sep 13, 2022

Thanks for all of the feedback :)

Work on improving the small map case.

PatchSet-11 adding the optimization of bucketmask into it, the benchmark has been improved for almost all cases(updated the benchmark result).

There are still two optimizations that can be added

  • Using a two-level scheme for map_fast32 and map_fast64. The idea is that we can iterate the bucket instead of using matchTopHash if iterating the bucket can have better performance. Now the threshold is 2, meaning that if 0 <= buckets <= 2, we iterate the bucket(bucket == 0 is a special case, we don't need to calculate the hash). For buckets > 2, we use the matchTopHash scheme. We can change the threshold based on the experiment, and uint32 and uint64 can have different thresholds.

  • Remove the overflow pointer in the bucket. I have encountered some problems due to memory overlap, which is still a work in progress. It has been added in PatchSet 12.

Improving the runtime's map benchmarks.

Indeed. We can add some new benchmarks to it. I feel like adding the new one into https://github.com/zhangyunhao116/gomapbench first and then migrating some of it into the runtime is a good idea.

DoS prevention.

Yes! All of these mechanisms are still in the current implementation, including the non-deterministic iteration and resetting the map's seed when the length hits zero.

SIMD

We planned to write the SIMD directly in assembly, but the experiments outside the runtime show that their performance is almost the same. I wonder if we can use ABIInternal can make the assembly run faster?

I think SIMD intrinsics is a great idea! Agree that we can start trying SIMD intrinsics just in the runtime. After some basic optimizations are done, I will start to implement the SIMD version :) Most SIMD in the SwissTable is not very tricky except the prepareSameSizeGrow, and this function is rarely called(only used in sameSizeGrow).

@zhangyunhao116
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Another challenge of SIMD is that its default bucket size is 16(the basic version is 8, which is the same as before), which means memory consumption may increase significantly in some cases.

@aclements
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Indeed. We can add some new benchmarks to it. I feel like adding the new one into https://github.com/zhangyunhao116/gomapbench first and then migrating some of it into the runtime is a good idea.

Sounds good. Possibly we should fold your package into bent, so they run as part of the performance dashboard.

Yes! All of these mechanisms are still in the current implementation, including the non-deterministic iteration and resetting the map's seed when the length hits zero.

Perfect!

We planned to write the SIMD directly in assembly, but the experiments outside the runtime show that their performance is almost the same. I wonder if we can use ABIInternal can make the assembly run faster?

Yeah, this doesn't surprise me if you're jumping to assembly just to run a few instructions. ABIInternal would certainly improve that, since it would probably allow the entire call to be registerized. I'm not sure exactly what operations you need, but if they're taking or returning vector values there's still going to be some overhead since ABIInternal doesn't know anything about passing vector registers.

I'm not sure how much effort it is to add a few one-off SIMD intrinsics. You just need SSE, right, not AVX? The operations themselves are probably not hard to add. The register allocator already knows about the XMM registers, but only as non-vector 64-bit floating-point. That mostly shouldn't matter unless it decides to spill one (thanks @cherrymui for pointing that out). If you need AVX, things may get a lot more complicated, or maybe not since the YMM registers are just aliased onto the XMM registers, so we would just call them X registers anyway.

Another challenge of SIMD is that its default bucket size is 16(the basic version is 8, which is the same as before), which means memory consumption may increase significantly in some cases.

It's hard to say how concerning this is. Sure, if an application has a huge number of small maps, perhaps with large key or value types (though they can't go over 128 bytes each), this could add up to a lot. But the relative overhead of this decreases as map size increases. I'll see if we can get some data on this.

Are you considering the trick described in this video, where you need to allocate 16 bytes of control (or a little more for unaligned groups) but the actual bucket array can be smaller? The net result of that might actually be that the tables would be smaller than current tables.

gopherbot pushed a commit that referenced this issue Oct 29, 2024
This enables manual inlining Map.Get/table.getWithoutKey to create a
simple fast path with no calls.

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gopherbot pushed a commit that referenced this issue Oct 30, 2024
When given a hint size, set the initial capacity large enough to avoid
requiring growth in the average case.

When not given a hint (or given 0), don't allocate anything at all.

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Rather than importing runtime directly, linkname the functions from
runtime. This allows importing internal/race from internal/runtime/*
packages, similar to internal/asan and internal/msan.

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…ime/maps

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This is the same design as existing maps.

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We use the same heuristics as existing maps.

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gopherbot pushed a commit that referenced this issue Oct 30, 2024
Add all the specialized variants that exist for the existing maps.

Like the existing maps, the fast variants do not support indirect
key/elem.

Note that as of this CL, the Get and Put methods on Map/table are
effectively dead. They are only reachable from the internal/runtime/maps
unit tests.

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gopherbot pushed a commit that referenced this issue Oct 30, 2024
Keep only a single seed; initialize it; and reset it when the map is
empty.

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This avoids some zero-extension ops on 64-bit machines.

Based on khr@'s CL 619479.

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gopherbot pushed a commit that referenced this issue Oct 30, 2024
Load the field we need from the type once outside the search loop.
Get rid of the multiply to compute the slot position. Instead compute
the slot position incrementally using addition.
Move the hashing later in access2.

Based on khr@'s CL 618959.

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gopherbot pushed a commit that referenced this issue Oct 30, 2024
Speeds up iteration by about 3%.

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gopherbot pushed a commit that referenced this issue Oct 30, 2024
A previous CL kept it across loop iterations, but those are more rare
than call iterations.

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gopherbot pushed a commit that referenced this issue Oct 30, 2024
The compiler will stack allocate the Map struct and initial group if
possible.

Stack maps are initialized inline without calling into the runtime.
Small heap allocated maps use makemap_small.

These are the same heuristics as existing maps.

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Extendible hashing splitting can be implemented such that the bucket to split is kept around as the other half with 50% of the entries just moved to the other bucket that we allocate. This means that we end up allocating only half as much when splitting without creating any garbage. My idea: use arena allocator for the buckets because growing no longer introduces fragments of unused memory into the arena. I experimented with it here.

The thing that you guys are cooking up right now may end up being a disappointment but integrating it with the experimental arena package could end up providing obviously better results. If so it could be a significant improvement on the usefulness of the arena package and one could also consider an arena/containers package with other such specialized data structures.

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Yes, it would be nice if we could use the old table as half of the split.
It might not be as simple as not moving half the elements, because we do want to get rid of tombstones if we can. Maybe there can be different grow paths for tombstone-heavy and tombstone-light splits.
It would also have to play well with iteration. Not sure if that would be tricky or not, but I suspect it would be.

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prattmic commented Nov 4, 2024

It would also have to play well with iteration. Not sure if that would be tricky or not, but I suspect it would be.

I think this is the hard part. Anything that removes keys from groups (when they haven't actually been deleted) makes iteration difficult to support. This same problem is what made me drop "rehash in place" (in place removal of tombstones). If we change the contents of the groups how do we know which keys we've already iterated over?

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@randall77
In my implementation my buckets are fixed-size with just 16 slots so doing the splitting as I described was the easiest thing ever. You are also right that trying to reuse the original buckets/tables this way messes with iteration semantics but for a specialized hash map in arena/containers a change in iteration behavior could be an acceptable trade-off considering the positive impact on GC behaviour. Quick look around some of my hobby projects shows that many maps that I could arena allocate are never iterated, just puts and gets.

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After a quick read through the implementation in internal/runtime/maps I found very little to complain about. But!

The table.index field seems to be unnecessary. Wherever it's needed we already have the index for the table - it's in the hash value but with some bits that require zeroing. The hash needs to be passed down to the functions that could use it and then use the code below to calculate the index. Then replacing the field with stale bool would drop sizeof(table) to 16 bytes and simplify some code. Maybe the iterator code somehow needs the field but that code monstrosity is just too much for my brain to evaluate.

globalShift := 64 - globalDepth

entries := 1 << (globalDepth-table.localDepth)
index := (hash>>globalShift) &^ (entries - 1)
// index == table.index

// ... then after splitting
replaceTable(index            , entries/2, left)
replaceTable(index + entries/2, entries/2, right)

Also consider adding a comment on what happens if during splitting all entries end up being moved into just one table. Very very very unlikely thing to happen but it's clearly an edge-case so documenting why it's OK is likely a good idea.

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prattmic commented Nov 5, 2024

The table.index field seems to be unnecessary. Wherever it's needed we already have the index for the table - it's in the hash value but with some bits that require zeroing. The hash needs to be passed down to the functions that could use it and then use the code below to calculate the index. Then replacing the field with stale bool would drop sizeof(table) to 16 bytes and simplify some code. Maybe the iterator code somehow needs the field but that code monstrosity is just too much for my brain to evaluate.

I agree that it is probably not strictly necessary. The uses:

  • grow/split use the index to know which entries to replace. As you say, this could recompute (or pass in) the index.
  • Iteration starts at a random directory index. The table index is used "back up" to the initial index for the selected table (we need to do this because when finishing the table, we'll jump ahead past all of the duplicates of the table). I think we could compute the initial index here as well (align down based on the localDepth?).
  • Detecting stale tables during iteration. We need some marker for this, but it could be a bool. We could also reuse another field. e.g., a sentinel value in growthLeft.

While looking at this I also realized that table.used is no longer needed and could be removed.

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prattmic commented Nov 5, 2024

You are also right that trying to reuse the original buckets/tables this way messes with iteration semantics but for a specialized hash map in arena/containers a change in iteration behavior could be an acceptable trade-off considering the positive impact on GC behaviour.

While this is true, this issue is focused on the builtin map type where the language spec constrains iteration semantics. Other implementations can and do have different semantics (e.g., sync.Map)

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Change https://go.dev/cl/625517 mentions this issue: main.star: replace -swissmap builder with -noswissmap

gopherbot pushed a commit to golang/build that referenced this issue Nov 5, 2024
Now that GOEXPERIMENT=swissmap is enabled by default, switch to a
-noswissmap builder to ensure the old maps continue to work until the
GOEXPERIMENT is deleted.

For golang/go#54766.

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Change https://go.dev/cl/626277 mentions this issue: cmd/compile: intrinsify swissmap match calls with SIMD on amd64

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Change https://go.dev/cl/626755 mentions this issue: cmd/internal/goobj: regenerate builtinlist

gopherbot pushed a commit that referenced this issue Nov 8, 2024
CL 622042 added rand as a compiler builtin, but did not update builtinlist.

Also update the mkbuiltin comment to refer to the current file location,
and add a comment for runtime.rand that it is called from the compiler.

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Change https://go.dev/cl/627156 mentions this issue: internal/runtime/maps: use match to skip non-full slots in iteration

gopherbot pushed a commit that referenced this issue Nov 13, 2024
Iteration over swissmaps with low load (think map with large hint but
only one entry) is signicantly regressed vs old maps. See noswiss vs
swiss-tip below (+60%).

Currently we visit every single slot and individually check if the slot
is full or not.

We can do much better by using the control word to find all full slots
in a group in a single operation. This lets us skip completely empty
groups for instance.

Always using the control match approach is great for maps with low load,
but is a regression for mostly full maps. Mostly full maps have the
majority of slots full, so most calls to mapiternext will return the
next slot. In that case, doing the full group match on every call is
more expensive than checking the individual slot.

Thus we take a hybrid approach: on each call, we first check an
individual slot. If that slot is full, we're done. If that slot is
non-full, then we fall back to doing full group matches.

This trade-off works well. Both mostly empty and mostly full maps
perform nearly as well as doing all matching and all individual,
respectively.

The fast path is placed above the slow path loop rather than combined
(with some sort of `useMatch` variable) into a single loop to help the
compiler's code generation. The compiler really struggles with code
generation on a combined loop for some reason, yielding ~15% additional
instructions/op.

Comparison with old maps prior to this CL:

                                                 │    noswiss    │              swiss-tip               │
                                                 │    sec/op     │    sec/op      vs base               │
MapIter/Key=int64/Elem=int64/len=6-12               11.53n ±  2%    10.64n ±  2%   -7.72% (p=0.002 n=6)
MapIter/Key=int64/Elem=int64/len=64-12             10.180n ±  2%    9.670n ±  5%   -5.01% (p=0.004 n=6)
MapIter/Key=int64/Elem=int64/len=65536-12           10.78n ±  1%    10.15n ±  2%   -5.84% (p=0.002 n=6)
MapIterLowLoad/Key=int64/Elem=int64/len=6-12        6.116n ±  2%    6.840n ±  2%  +11.84% (p=0.002 n=6)
MapIterLowLoad/Key=int64/Elem=int64/len=64-12       2.403n ±  2%    3.892n ±  0%  +61.95% (p=0.002 n=6)
MapIterLowLoad/Key=int64/Elem=int64/len=65536-12    1.940n ±  3%    3.237n ±  1%  +66.81% (p=0.002 n=6)
MapPop/Key=int64/Elem=int64/len=6-12                66.20n ±  2%    60.14n ±  3%   -9.15% (p=0.002 n=6)
MapPop/Key=int64/Elem=int64/len=64-12               97.24n ±  1%   171.35n ±  1%  +76.21% (p=0.002 n=6)
MapPop/Key=int64/Elem=int64/len=65536-12            826.1n ± 12%    842.5n ± 10%        ~ (p=0.937 n=6)
geomean                                             17.93n          20.96n        +16.88%

After this CL:

                                                 │    noswiss    │              swiss-cl               │
                                                 │    sec/op     │    sec/op     vs base               │
MapIter/Key=int64/Elem=int64/len=6-12               11.53n ±  2%    10.90n ± 3%   -5.42% (p=0.002 n=6)
MapIter/Key=int64/Elem=int64/len=64-12             10.180n ±  2%    9.719n ± 9%   -4.53% (p=0.043 n=6)
MapIter/Key=int64/Elem=int64/len=65536-12           10.78n ±  1%    10.07n ± 2%   -6.63% (p=0.002 n=6)
MapIterLowLoad/Key=int64/Elem=int64/len=6-12        6.116n ±  2%    7.022n ± 1%  +14.82% (p=0.002 n=6)
MapIterLowLoad/Key=int64/Elem=int64/len=64-12       2.403n ±  2%    1.475n ± 1%  -38.63% (p=0.002 n=6)
MapIterLowLoad/Key=int64/Elem=int64/len=65536-12    1.940n ±  3%    1.210n ± 6%  -37.67% (p=0.002 n=6)
MapPop/Key=int64/Elem=int64/len=6-12                66.20n ±  2%    61.54n ± 2%   -7.02% (p=0.002 n=6)
MapPop/Key=int64/Elem=int64/len=64-12               97.24n ±  1%   110.10n ± 1%  +13.23% (p=0.002 n=6)
MapPop/Key=int64/Elem=int64/len=65536-12            826.1n ± 12%    504.7n ± 6%  -38.91% (p=0.002 n=6)
geomean                                             17.93n          15.29n       -14.74%

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