Update proxy cache to serve the image in local when it is removed in upstream registry

[stonezdj]

Add stacktrace in debug log

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Comprehensive Summary of your change

Issue being fixed

Fixes #(issue)

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• Well Written Title and Summary of the PR
• Label the PR as needed. "release-note/ignore-for-release, release-note/new-feature, release-note/update, release-note/enhancement, release-note/community, release-note/breaking-change, release-note/docs, release-note/infra, release-note/deprecation"
• Accepted the DCO. Commits without the DCO will delay acceptance.
• Made sure tests are passing and test coverage is added if needed.
• Considered the docs impact and opened a new docs issue or PR with docs changes if needed in website repository.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 46.21%. Comparing base (c8c11b4) to head (796c18a).
Report is 275 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #20728      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   45.36%   46.21%   +0.84%     
==========================================
  Files         244      247       +3     
  Lines       13333    13778     +445     
  Branches     2719     2845     +126     
==========================================
+ Hits         6049     6367     +318     
- Misses       6983     7079      +96     
- Partials      301      332      +31     

Flag	Coverage Δ
unittests	46.21% <ø> (+0.84%)	⬆️

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see 491 files with indirect coverage changes

[github-actions]

This PR is being marked stale due to a period of inactivty. If this PR is still relevant, please comment or remove the stale label. Otherwise, this PR will close in 30 days.