toolkit merge: unify toolchain + root patches (bump @sentry/* to 10.54.0)

[BYK]

Sub-task of the toolkit monorepo merge (master issue linked below). Plan: https://gist.github.com/BYK/8c0ce6cec64608f41fe5654b7827228e

Unify toolchain + reconcile patches at the workspace root.

• Use pnpm 11.8.0 and Biome 2 with a shared catalog in pnpm-workspace.yaml.
• Declare patches at the workspace root; the CLI's Sentry 10.63.0 dependency pins match the 10.63.0 patch keys and the patch files live under packages/cli/patches/.
• Decide whether the CLI's Sentry 10.63.0 pins should remain separate from the shared 11.1.0 catalog; do not rewrite working patches just to match the obsolete 10.54.0 target.
• Reconcile the planned Node >=22.15 floor with the root's current >=22.13 engine.
• Verify the linker/.npmrc policy against MCP Worker builds; there is no root .npmrc in current main.

See §2.1 + §1.4.

[BYK]

Master tracking issue: #1248