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Merge pull request #29 from garyritchie/master
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Basic typo corrections; image paths...
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davelab6 committed Nov 12, 2013
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3 changes: 2 additions & 1 deletion .gitignore
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*~
webcheck/*
en-US/.DS_Store
_site/
.DS_Store
6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions README.md
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<<<<<<< HEAD
<!---
See [gh-branch](https://github.com/fontforge/designwithfontforge.com/tree/gh-pages/) for project files.
=======
-->

[DesignWithFontforge.com](http://designwithfontforge.com)
=======================

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -67,4 +68,3 @@ To see the site as it will appear after processing by Jekyll and review your edi
jekyll --server

Now browse [http://localhost:4000/](http://localhost:4000/)
>>>>>>> gh-pages
2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion en-US/Drawing_With_Spiro.md
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Expand Up @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Spiro drawing is different, but it can create curves in a way that Bézier tools

### The Spiro toolset

Many of the same drawing tools are available in Spiro mode as those described in the ["Using the FontForge drawing tools"](Using_the_FontForge_Drawing_Tools.html) chapter, but some of them work very differently when you are in Spiro mode.
Many of the same drawing tools are available in Spiro mode as those described in the ["Using the FontForge drawing tools"](Using_the_Fontforge_Drawing_Tools.html) chapter, but some of them work very differently when you are in Spiro mode.

<img src="images/spiro_tools_labels.png" alt="" width="400">

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36 changes: 18 additions & 18 deletions en-US/Glossary.md
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Expand Up @@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ Bézier curves are described in detail in the Bézier section of the main manual

### Bidi

Bi-Directional text. That is a section of text which contains both left-to-right and right-to-left scripts. English text quoting Arabic, for example. Things get even more complex with nested quotations. TheUnicode standard contains an algorithm for laying out Bidi text. See also: Boustrophedon.
Bi-Directional text. That is a section of text which contains both left-to-right and right-to-left scripts. English text quoting Arabic, for example. Things get even more complex with nested quotations. The Unicode standard contains an algorithm for laying out Bidi text. See also: Boustrophedon.

### Black letter

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ A character set is an unordered set of characters.

### CID

Character Identifier, a number. In some CJK PostScript fonts the glyphs are not named but are refered to by a CID number.
Character Identifier, a number. In some CJK PostScript fonts the glyphs are not named but are referred to by a CID number.

### CID-keyed font

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ A concept in OpenType which allows you to enter spacing adjustments geared to ra

### Diacritics

Many lanaguges use letters which have have marks above or below them of even crossing the letters. These marks are called diacritics. Sometimes they are also caleed "accents" although this is a less precise term. Examples of these letters include À à å Å Ü ü Ø ø Ç ç.
Many languages use letters which have have marks above or below them of even crossing the letters. These marks are called diacritics. Sometimes they are also caleed "accents" although this is a less precise term. Examples of these letters include À à å Å Ü ü Ø ø Ç ç.

### Didot point

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ In font design, the extrema of a glyph are the top-most and bottom-most points o
## F
### Features (OpenType)

When creating fonts for complex scripts (and even for less complex scripts) various transformations (like ligatures) must be applied to the input glyphs before they are ready for display. These transformations are identified as font features and are tagged with (in OpenType) a 4 letter tag or (in Apple) a 2 number identfier. The meanings of these features are predefined by MicroSoft and Apple. FontForge allows you to tag each lookup with one or several features when you create it (or later).
When creating fonts for complex scripts (and even for less complex scripts) various transformations (like ligatures) must be applied to the input glyphs before they are ready for display. These transformations are identified as font features and are tagged with (in OpenType) a 4 letter tag or (in Apple) a 2 number identifier. The meanings of these features are predefined by MicroSoft and Apple. FontForge allows you to tag each lookup with one or several features when you create it (or later).

### Feature File

Expand All @@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ A collection of related fonts. Often including plain, italic and bold styles.

### FreeType

A library for rasterizing fonts. Used extensively in FontForge to understand the behavior of truetype fonts and to do better rasterization than FontForge could accomplish unaided.
A library for rasterizing fonts. Used extensively in FontForge to understand the behavior of TrueType fonts and to do better rasterization than FontForge could accomplish unaided.

### Fuþark (Futhark)

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ The ideographic characters used in China, Japan and Korea (and, I believe, in va

### Hangul

The Korean syllabary. The only syllabary (that I'm aware of anway) based on an alphabet -- the letters of the alphabet never appear alone, but only as groups of two or three making up a syllable.
The Korean syllabary. The only syllabary (that I'm aware of anyway) based on an alphabet -- the letters of the alphabet never appear alone, but only as groups of two or three making up a syllable.

### Hanja

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ $ configure --with-type3<br>$ make<br>$ make install

### Multiple Master Font

A multiple master font is a PostScript font schema which defines an infinite number of related fonts. Multiple master fonts can vary along several axes, for example you might have a multiple master which defined both different weights and different widths of a font family, it could be used to generate: Thin, Normal, Semi-Bold, Bold, Condensed, Expanded, Bold-Condensed, etc.<br>Adobe is no longer developing this format. Apple has a format which acheives the same effect but has not produced many examples. FontForgesupports both.
A multiple master font is a PostScript font schema which defines an infinite number of related fonts. Multiple master fonts can vary along several axes, for example you might have a multiple master which defined both different weights and different widths of a font family, it could be used to generate: Thin, Normal, Semi-Bold, Bold, Condensed, Expanded, Bold-Condensed, etc.<br>Adobe is no longer developing this format. Apple has a format which achieves the same effect but has not produced many examples. FontForge supports both.

## N
### Namelist
Expand All @@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ A mapping from unicode code point to glyph name.

### Non-Zero Winding Number Fill rule

To determine if a pixel should be filled using this rule draw a line from here to infinity (in any direction) and count the number of times contours cross this line. If the contour crosses the line in a clockwise direction add 1, of the contour crosses in a counter clockwise direction subtract one. If the result is non-zero then fill the pixel. If it is zero leave it blank. This method is used for rasterizing fonts by truetype and older (before version 2) postscript.
To determine if a pixel should be filled using this rule draw a line from here to infinity (in any direction) and count the number of times contours cross this line. If the contour crosses the line in a clockwise direction add 1, of the contour crosses in a counter clockwise direction subtract one. If the result is non-zero then fill the pixel. If it is zero leave it blank. This method is used for rasterizing fonts by TrueType and older (before version 2) postscript.

See Also Even-Odd Fill Rule.

Expand All @@ -421,17 +421,17 @@ The old Celtic inscription script.

### OpenType

A type of font. It is an attempt to merge postscript and truetype fonts into one specification.<br>An opentype font may contain either a truetype or a postscript font inside it.
A type of font. It is an attempt to merge postscript and TrueType fonts into one specification.<br>An OpenType font may contain either a TrueType or a postscript font inside it.

It contains many of the same data tables for information like encodings that were present in truetype fonts.
It contains many of the same data tables for information like encodings that were present in TrueType fonts.

Confusingly it is also used to mean the advanced typographic tables that Adobe and MicroSoft (but not Apple) have added to TrueType. These include things like contextual ligatures, contextual kerning, glyph substitution, etc.

And MS Windows uses it to mean a font with a 'DSIG' (Digital Signature) table.

### OpenType Tables

Each opentype font contains a collection of tables each of which contains a certain kind of information.
Each OpenType font contains a collection of tables each of which contains a certain kind of information.

### Oblique

Expand All @@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ In order for the curved shape of the "O" to appear to be the same height as the

These guidelines are based on the way the eye works and the optical illusions it generates and are taken from Peter Karow's Digital Formats for Typefaces, p. 26).

The overshoot is also dependant on the point-size of a font, the larger the point-size the smaller the overshoot should be. Generally modern fonts will be used at multiple point-sizes, but in some font families there are multiple faces for the different point-sizes, and in such a case the overshoot will probably vary from face to face.
The overshoot is also dependent on the point-size of a font, the larger the point-size the smaller the overshoot should be. Generally modern fonts will be used at multiple point-sizes, but in some font families there are multiple faces for the different point-sizes, and in such a case the overshoot will probably vary from face to face.

See also X-height, Cap-height, Ascender, Descender, Baseline

Expand All @@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ This was the early name for FontForge. The original conception was that it would

### Phantom points

In a truetype font there are a few points added to each glyph which are not specified by the contours that make up the glyph. These are called phantom points. One of these points represents the left side bearing, and the other the advance width of the glyph. Truetype instructions (hints) are allowed to move these points around just as any other points may be moved -- thus changing the left-side-bearing or the advance width. Early versions of TrueType supplied just these two phantoms, more recent versions also supply a phantom for the top sidebearing and a phantom for the vertical advance width.
In a TrueType font there are a few points added to each glyph which are not specified by the contours that make up the glyph. These are called phantom points. One of these points represents the left side bearing, and the other the advance width of the glyph. TrueType instructions (hints) are allowed to move these points around just as any other points may be moved -- thus changing the left-side-bearing or the advance width. Early versions of TrueType supplied just these two phantoms, more recent versions also supply a phantom for the top sidebearing and a phantom for the vertical advance width.

### Pica

Expand All @@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ A point is a unit of measurement. There were three (at least) different definiti

The didiot and pica points were so arranged that text at a given point-size would have approximately the same cap-height in both systems, the didot point would have extra white-space above the capitals to contain the accents present in most non-English Latin based scripts.

This has the interesting side effect that a font designed for European usage should have a smaller proportion of the vertical em given over to the text body. I believe that computer fonts tend to ignore this, so presumably european printers now set with more leading.
This has the interesting side effect that a font designed for European usage should have a smaller proportion of the vertical em given over to the text body. I believe that computer fonts tend to ignore this, so presumably European printers now set with more leading.

As far as I can tell, computers tend to work in approximations to pica points (but this may be because I am in the US), PostScript uses a unit of 1/72nd of an inch.

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -531,7 +531,7 @@ A script is a character set and associated rules for putting characters together

Back two thousand years ago when the Romans were carving their letters on stone monuments, they discovered that they could reduce the chance of the stone cracking by adding fine lines at the terminations of the main stems of a glyph.

These fine lines were called serifs, and came to have an esthetic appeal of their own. Early type designers added them to their fonts for esthetic rather than functional reasons.
These fine lines were called serifs, and came to have an aesthetic appeal of their own. Early type designers added them to their fonts for aesthetic rather than functional reasons.

At the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries, type-designers started designing fonts without serifs. These were initially called grotesques because their form appeared so strange, they are now generally called sans-serif.

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -592,7 +592,7 @@ The "state machine" consists of a table of states, each state in turn consists o

### Stem

A stem is the part of the letterwhich is verical. The I and l are all stem except for serifs. The H consists of two stems and a crossbar. Other glyphs with stems include B b F f k k P p R r 1 and 4.
A stem is the part of the letter which is vertical. The I and l are all stem except for serifs. The H consists of two stems and a crossbar. Other glyphs with stems include B b F f k k P p R r 1 and 4.

### Strike

Expand All @@ -616,12 +616,12 @@ Scalable Vector Graphics. An XML format used for drawing vector images. It inclu

A syllabary is a phonetic writing system like an alphabet. Unlike an alphabet the sound-unit which is written is a syllable rather than a phoneme. In Japanese KataKana the sound "ka" is represented by one glyph. Syllabaries tend to be bigger than alphabets (Japanese KataKana requires about 60 different characters, while the Korean Hangul requires tens of thousands).

See Also: abjad, abugida, alphabet and the <a title="Unicode consortium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_yllabary">relevant Wikipedia article</a> (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_yllabary).
See Also: abjad, abugida, alphabet and the <a title="Unicode consortium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabary">relevant Wikipedia article</a> (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabary).

## T
### Terminal

The terminal of a glyph is the part where the stroke ends. The Top of the f has a terminal. The s has two terminals. When a glyph has serifs the serifs are considered diffrent from the serifs. Because the bottom of the f would have a serif if it is in a serif style bottom is not considerered a terminal. The bottom of the j and y are however considered terminals. Similarly the 3 has two terminals one at the top and one the bottom. The middle is considered to be a join rather than a terminal. The clissification of thse parts is perhaps more determined by convention than by a strict logic.
The terminal of a glyph is the part where the stroke ends. The Top of the f has a terminal. The s has two terminals. When a glyph has serifs the serifs are considered different from the serifs. Because the bottom of the f would have a serif if it is in a serif style bottom is not considered a terminal. The bottom of the j and y are however considered terminals. Similarly the 3 has two terminals one at the top and one the bottom. The middle is considered to be a join rather than a terminal. The classification of these parts is perhaps more determined by convention than by a strict logic.

### TeX

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25 changes: 15 additions & 10 deletions en-US/The EM square.md → en-US/The_EM_Square.md
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Expand Up @@ -3,32 +3,37 @@ published: true
layout: bookpage
weight: 07
category: workflow
title: The EM square
title: The EM Square
---

The 'Em size' or 'UPM'
In a font, each character is fitted into it's own container of space. In traditional metal type this container was the actual metal block of each character. The height of each character piece was uniform, allowing the characters to be set neatly into rows and blocks (see below).

<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/MetalTypeZoomIn.JPG"/>
<img src="images/MetalTypeZoomIn.JPG"/>

The height of the type piece is known as the 'Em', and it originated from the width of the uppercase 'M' character; so the proportions of the uppercase M piece would have been square, known as the 'Em square'. It is the size of the Em that was used to denote the point size of metal type. So in 10 point type it is the Em that is 10 points (see below).

<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/em-metal-type.svg"/>
<img src="images/em-metal-type.svg"/>


In digital type the Em is a digitally defined amount of space. In a typical Open Type postscript font, the UPM size, or the em, is usually set at 1000 units. In TrueType fonts the UPM is normally set at 1024 or 2048.
In digital type the Em is a digitally defined amount of space. In a typical Open Type postscript font, the UPM size, or the em, is usually set at 1000 units. In TrueType fonts the UPM is normally set at 1024 or 2048.

When the font is used to set type,the em, i.e. the 1000 units, are scaled to the desired point size. This means that at 10 pt type, the 1000 font units are scaled to 10 pt.
When the font is used to set type,
the em, i.e. the 1000 units, are scaled to the desired point size. This means that at 10 pt type, the 1000 font units are scaled to 10 pt.

So if your uppercase His 700 units high,it will be 7 pt high at 10 pt type.
So if your uppercase H
is 700 units high,
it will be 7 pt high at 10 pt type.


Setting up in Glyph WindowWith the knowledge that your font is using a 1000, 1024, or 2048 UPM, you need to set up the drawing of your glyphs to ensure that aspects of your typeface fit adequately into that UPM square.
Setting up in Glyph Window
With the knowledge that your font is using a 1000, 1024, or 2048 UPM, you need to set up the drawing of your glyphs to ensure that aspects of your typeface fit adequately into that UPM square.

the Baseline
<img src="images/baseline.png />
<img src="images/baseline.png" />

the Cap Height
<img src="images/capheight.png />
<img src="images/capheight.png" />

the x-height
<img src="images/xheight.png />
<img src="images/xheight.png" />

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