$λ provides an alternative to argparse based on parser combinators and functional first principles. Arguably, $λ is way more expressive than any reasonable person would ever need... but even if it's not the parser that we need, it's the parser we deserve.

Installation

pip install dollar-lambda

Documentation

Highlights

$λ comes with syntactic sugar that can make building parsers completely boilerplate-free. For complex parsing situations that exceed the expressive capacity of this syntax, the user can also drop down to the lower-level syntax that lies behind the sugar, which can handle any reasonable amount of logical complexity.

The @command

decorator For the vast majority of parsing patterns, @command is the most concise way to define a parser:

from dollar_lambda import command


@command()
def main(x: int, dev: bool = False, prod: bool = False):
    print(dict(x=x, dev=dev, prod=prod))

Here is the help text generated by this parser:

main("-h")

usage: -x X --dev --prod
dev: (default: False)
prod: (default: False)

Ordinarily you provide no arguments to main and it would get them from the command line. The explicit arguments in this Readme are for demonstration purposes only. Here is how the main function handles input:

main("-x", "1", "--dev")

{'x': 1, 'dev': True, 'prod': False}

Use the parsers argument to add custom logic using the lower-level syntax:

from dollar_lambda import flag


@command(parsers=dict(kwargs=flag("dev") | flag("prod")))
def main(x: int, **kwargs):
    print(dict(x=x, **kwargs))

This parser requires either a --dev or --prod flag and maps it to the kwargs argument:

main("-h")

usage: -x X [--dev | --prod]

This assigns {'dev': True} to the kwargs argument:

main("-x", "1", "--dev")

{'x': 1, 'dev': True}

This assigns {'prod': True} to the kwargs argument:

main("-x", "1", "--prod")

{'x': 1, 'prod': True}

This fails because the parser requires one or the other:

main("-x", "1")

usage: -x X [--dev | --prod]
The following arguments are required: --dev

CommandTree for dynamic dispatch

For many programs, a user will want to use one entrypoint for one set of arguments, and another for another set of arguments. Returning to our example, let's say we wanted to execute prod_function when the user provides the --prod flag, and dev_function when the user provides the --dev flag:

from dollar_lambda import CommandTree

tree = CommandTree()


@tree.command()
def base_function(x: int):
    print("Ran base_function with arguments:", dict(x=x))


@base_function.command()
def prod_function(x: int, prod: bool):
    print("Ran prod_function with arguments:", dict(x=x, prod=prod))


@base_function.command()
def dev_function(x: int, dev: bool):
    print("Ran dev_function with arguments:", dict(x=x, dev=dev))

Let's see how this parser handles different inputs. If we provide the --prod flag, $λ automatically invokes prod_function with the parsed arguments:

tree(
    "-x", "1", "--prod"
)  # usually you provide no arguments and tree gets them from sys.argv

Ran prod_function with arguments: {'x': 1, 'prod': True}

If we provide the --dev flag, $λ invokes dev_function:

tree("-x", "1", "--dev")

Ran dev_function with arguments: {'x': 1, 'dev': True}

With this configuration, the parser will run base_function if neither --prod nor --dev are given:

tree("-x", "1")

Ran base_function with arguments: {'x': 1}

There are many other ways to use CommandTree. To learn more, we recommend the CommandTree tutorial.

Lower-level syntax

@command and CommandTree cover many use cases, but they are both syntactic sugar for a lower-level interface that is far more expressive.

Suppose you want to implement a parser that first tries to parse an option (a flag that takes an argument), -x X and if that fails, tries to parse the input as a variadic sequence of floats:

from dollar_lambda import argument, option

p = option("x", type=int) | argument("y", type=float).many()

We go over this syntax in greater detail in the tutorial. For now, suffice to say that argument defines a positional argument, many allows parsers to be applied zero or more times, and | expresses alternatives.

Here is the help text:

p.parse_args(
    "-h"
)  # usually you provide no arguments and parse_args gets them from sys.argv

usage: [-x X | [Y ...]]

As promised, this succeeds:

p.parse_args("-x", "1")

{'x': 1}

And this succeeds:

p.parse_args("1", "2", "3")

{'y': [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]}

Thanks

Special thanks to "Functional Pearls" by Graham Hutton and Erik Meijer for bringing these topics to life.