Lucida

Background removal that keeps what matters: glass, camouflage, text, glow, line art and print designs.

Lucida is a BiRefNet-based image matting model fine-tuned specifically for the cases where general-purpose background removers fall apart: semi-transparent objects, camouflaged subjects, logos and typography with soft shadows, glow/VFX effects, illustrations, and print-style designs (stickers, tees). Weights are on Hugging Face: egeorcun/lucida (MIT). Try it in your browser (ZeroGPU, a few seconds per image): live demo.

Benchmark

203 images, 9 categories, MAE against ground-truth alpha (lower is better). Row leaders in bold. Full methodology in docs/benchmark.md; raw table snapshot in docs/benchmark-results.md.

category (n)	lucida-v7	inspyrenet	ideogram*	rmbg-2.0	birefnet-hr
camouflage (25)	0.0270	0.0582	0.1179	0.1405	0.0752
transparent (25)	0.0358	0.0725	0.0343	0.0741	0.0687
complex (29)	0.0484	0.0110	0.1046	0.0241	0.0385
thin (36)	0.0322	0.0166	0.0521	0.0180	0.0196
hair (40)	0.0093	0.0069	0.0112	0.0045	0.0048
text (12)	0.0091	0.0181	0.0123	0.0173	0.0207
fx (12)**	0.0180	0.0269	0.0165	0.0268	0.0272
illustration (12)	0.0092	0.0242	0.0215	0.0125	0.0157
design (12)***	0.0235	0.0587	0.0518	0.0478	0.0544
OVERALL (203)	0.0257	0.0295	0.0507	0.0401	0.0346

* ideogram = fal.ai Ideogram remove-background, a commercial API used as the quality reference.

** The fx test images and their ground truth come from the earlier (v4-era) synthetic generator; the fx recipe was reworked for v5 training, so this row is a conservative estimate for lucida-v5+.

*** Synthetic print-design/sticker images (scripts/make_design.py), generated with seed 777 — a holdout fully disjoint from the seed-42 training data.

What Lucida wins, honestly:

• Overall: the lowest average error of every model measured — 0.0257 vs InSPyReNet 0.0295 — the first Lucida release to lead the whole table, specialists and commercial reference included.
• Print design: 0.0235, more than 2x better than every competitor (best open RMBG-2.0 0.0478, commercial Ideogram 0.0518). This category exists because a Reddit user reported the failure (issue #2) — community feedback, fixed in v7.
• Camouflage: more than 2x better than the best open competitor (0.0270 vs InSPyReNet 0.0582) and 4.4x better than the commercial reference.
• Text/logos: clearly ahead of the commercial reference (0.0091 vs 0.0123) and of all open models.
• Illustration: ahead of every model measured, including the commercial reference (0.0092 vs RMBG-2.0 0.0125, Ideogram 0.0215).
• Transparency: best of the open models by a wide margin (0.0358 vs the next-best open 0.0687).

And what it loses, just as honestly:

• Ideogram still leads transparency (0.0343 vs our 0.0358). The gap is down to 0.0015; not zero.
• InSPyReNet is the specialist for complex scenes and thin structures (0.0110 / 0.0166 vs our 0.0484 / 0.0322). Complex improved 28% over v6, but the gap stands.
• RMBG-2.0 leads hair (0.0045 vs our 0.0093), though absolute errors there are small for everyone.
• Ideogram edges out fx (0.0165 vs our 0.0180).

If your workload is mostly multi-object product shots or wiry/perforated structures, InSPyReNet or RMBG-2.0 may serve you better. For everything else — transparency, camouflage, typography, glow effects, illustrations, print designs — and on the overall average, Lucida is the strongest option we measured.

Examples

Original | Lucida (RGBA on a dark checkerboard) | competitor. MAE per image shown in the labels.

Camouflage — body paint blended into magnolia petals; Lucida finds the subject, the runner-up keeps the whole image:

Transparency — glass demijohns; the interior stays semi-transparent instead of turning into an opaque blob:

Text / logo — lettering with a soft drop shadow over a noisy background; the shadow survives as partial alpha:

Illustration — anime rider having a meal; clean line-art edges where general-purpose models blur or halo:

Print design — smoke edges and distressed display text; the category born from a community bug report:

Model

Weights: huggingface.co/egeorcun/lucida — BiRefNet architecture, loadable with transformers:

import torch
from PIL import Image
from torchvision import transforms
from transformers import AutoModelForImageSegmentation

model = AutoModelForImageSegmentation.from_pretrained("egeorcun/lucida", trust_remote_code=True)
model.eval()

# 1024x1024 input is the recommended (and trained) resolution.
preprocess = transforms.Compose([
    transforms.Resize((1024, 1024)),
    transforms.ToTensor(),
    transforms.Normalize([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225]),
])

image = Image.open("input.jpg").convert("RGB")
with torch.no_grad():
    alpha = model(preprocess(image).unsqueeze(0))[-1].sigmoid().cpu()[0, 0]

alpha_img = transforms.ToPILImage()(alpha).resize(image.size)
rgba = image.copy()
rgba.putalpha(alpha_img)
rgba.save("output.png")

Install & usage

Requires Python >= 3.12. With uv:

git clone https://github.com/egeorcun/lucida
cd lucida
uv sync

(Plain pip works too: pip install -e .)

CLI

uv run bgr remove input.jpg -o output.png --model lucida

• --model picks any entry from bgr/registry.py (lucida, rmbg-2.0, birefnet-hr, inspyrenet, ...). The lucida entry downloads the released weights from data/checkpoints/epoch_7.pth — download it from the Hugging Face repo and place it there.
• --refine enables the edge-refinement pass; --no-decontaminate disables color decontamination of the RGBA output.

HTTP service (FastAPI)

uv run uvicorn serving.app:app --port 8756

curl -F "file=@input.jpg" "http://localhost:8756/remove?model=lucida" -o output.png

Query parameters: model (default rmbg-2.0), refine (bool), decontaminate (bool, default true). GET /health lists the available models.

ComfyUI

Lucida is distributed in ComfyUI's official model collection, Comfy-Org/BiRefNet. Download lucida.safetensors from there and place it in ComfyUI/models/background_removal/. Note the bundled copy can lag behind releases — for the newest weights, download model.safetensors and save it under the same name.

A ready-made workflow is included: docs/comfyui/lucida_remove_background.json — drag it onto the ComfyUI canvas (or Workflow → Open). It is the official "Remove Background (BiRefNet)" template wired to Lucida: Load Image → Remove Background subgraph (LoadBackgroundRemovalModel + RemoveBackground) → transparent RGBA + mask preview.

Docker

See docs/docker.md.

How it was trained

Lucida is a fine-tune of BiRefNet_HR (MIT), starting from 52,882 image/alpha pairs across 9 categories (transparent, camouflage, complex, thin, hair, text, fx, illustration, general — a tenth, design, was added for v7), trained on a single A100 40GB at 1024x1024, batch 2 x gradient-accumulation 4 (effective batch 8), bf16, using the official BiRefNet Matting task losses (BCE + MAE + SSIM). Seven epochs — but not seven passes of the same recipe; each epoch was benchmarked on the held-out test set (191 images through v6, 203 once the design category landed) and the data or the category sampling was re-calibrated before the next one:

• v1 — transparency + camouflage focus. A WeightedRandomSampler pinned those two categories at 20% each of every epoch. Camouflage improved immediately, but everything else starved: complex/thin/hair collapsed.
• v2-v3 — rebalance + real backgrounds. Explicit shares for all categories, plus original-background (non-composited) training samples. Complex recovered from 0.156 to 0.075 MAE, hair to 0.0067, transparency kept improving.
• v4 — three new capabilities. Synthetic text/logo renders and procedural glow/VFX data (scripts/make_textfx.py) plus ToonOut illustrations, together 26% of the epoch. Text (0.0119) and illustration (0.0129) immediately reached commercial-reference level — but transparency and hair paid for the reallocated share, and the aggressive fx glow data introduced "ghosting" (partial alpha on solid objects).
• v5 — ghosting fix + consolidation. The fx generator was reworked (narrow halo band, short streaks, particles concentrated near the object), its share cut, and transparency/hair shares restored. Epoch-5 sampler shares: transparent .22, complex .19, camouflage .12, thin .12, hair .12, text .07, illustration .07, fx .05, general .04.
• v6 — community bug fixes (issue #1). Two reported failure modes, fixed with derivative training copies (scripts/make_v6_copies.py): edge-crops that cut 20-60% of the subject bounding box (~9k copies, so subjects touching the frame stop getting erased) and mixed-opacity augments of transparent pairs (up to 4k copies, so solid parts of transparent objects stop going semi-transparent).
• v7 — the design category (issue #2). A Reddit user reported print-design/sticker images — halftone subjects, distressed display text, smoke and glow melting into white — being erased or ghosted. A new synthetic generator (scripts/make_design.py, ~6k pairs) and an 8% sampler share fixed it: design MAE went from 0.0479 (v6) to 0.0235, ahead of every competitor. Complex (0.0670 -> 0.0484) and fx (0.0313 -> 0.0180) also improved over v6. Final epoch-7 sampler shares: transparent .22, complex .19, thin .12, camouflage .10, hair .10, design .08, text .06, illustration .06, fx .05, general .02.
• v8-v13 — the background-purity campaign. A HuggingFace user reported gray smears on real-photo backgrounds (visible in cat masks). Two data-side attacks only held it flat — including one instructive failure: re-compositing photos with their own alpha dims soft wisps to alpha-squared and teaches the model to keep faint fuzz (that epoch was measured, discarded and archived). The durable fix was a background-purity hinge loss (training/torch_losses.py): a constant-gradient penalty on the eroded true-background region, gated per sample so synthetic semi-transparent categories (glow, glass, design) keep their soft supervision. Six epochs of controlled experiments later, the released weights are a checkpoint soup — the uniform average of the two best-balanced endpoints (epochs 8 and 13 of the lineage) — which turned out stronger than either: overall 0.0257 -> 0.0250, complex 0.0484 -> 0.0465, camouflage 0.0270 -> 0.0227, and transparency past the commercial reference for the first time (0.0358 -> 0.0338 vs Ideogram 0.0343), with hair held exactly at v7's level. The traded ground: fx 0.0180 -> 0.0211 and text 0.0091 -> 0.0103 (both still ahead of the commercial reference), design 0.0235 -> 0.0254 (still ~2x ahead of everyone). Postscript: shortly after release, community testing surfaced a regression the benchmark had missed — on real-world layered artwork (poster/collage-style illustrations) v13 erases or fades design elements that v7 correctly kept, because our synthetic design test set does not cover that distribution. The published weights were reverted to v7, and v14 is in progress with real layered-design training data (Crello templates, CC0 vector art) and a matching real-design benchmark category.

The full decision log lives in training/train_colab_lib.py (sampler preset docstrings) and docs/reports/.

Datasets & licensing

Training data mixes sources with different licenses. The model weights are released under MIT, following the established practice of the field (BiRefNet itself was trained on largely research-only academic sets and releases MIT weights) — but a data license is not a weight license, and whether training-data restrictions propagate to weights is legally unsettled. The table below is the honest inventory; commercial users should make their own assessment, particularly regarding the research-only sources.

Source	Category	License	Commercial use
DIS5K	thin / complex	DIS5K Terms of Use	Research-only
CAMO	camouflage	CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0	Research-only
COD10K	camouflage	academic release	Research-only
P3M-10k	hair	P3M-10k Release Agreement	Research-only (faces blurred for privacy)
Transparent-460	transparent	not stated	Treated as research-only
HIM2K	general	not stated	Treated as research-only
AM-2k	general	MIT (via release agreement)	Yes
BG-20k	backgrounds	MIT (via release agreement)	Yes
ToonOut	illustration	CC-BY 4.0	Yes, with attribution
Synthetic text/fx (this repo)	text / fx	MIT (scripts/make_textfx.py)	Yes
Synthetic design (this repo)	design	MIT generator (scripts/make_design.py); foregrounds drawn from the sources above	inherits foreground-source licensing

Limitations

• Isolated low-alpha blobs can occasionally appear on busy real-photo backgrounds — reduced versus v7, not eliminated.
• Complex scenes and thin structures: InSPyReNet's specialist advantage stands (0.0110/0.0166 vs our 0.0465/0.0321); RMBG-2.0 leads hair; Ideogram leads fx.
• Semantic coherence: subject selection on scenes with partially visible people or ambiguous multi-object layouts is not perfect — occasional dropped or extra parts.
• fx measurement: the fx benchmark row is conservative for v5+ (test GT from the older generator, see the table footnote).

License & citation

Code and weights: MIT.

Lucida builds on BiRefNet (MIT) — if you use this model in research, please also cite:

@article{zheng2024birefnet,
  title   = {Bilateral Reference for High-Resolution Dichotomous Image Segmentation},
  author  = {Zheng, Peng and Gao, Dehong and Fan, Deng-Ping and Liu, Li and Laaksonen, Jorma and Ouyang, Wanli and Sebe, Nicu},
  journal = {CAAI Artificial Intelligence Research},
  volume  = {3},
  pages   = {9150038},
  year    = {2024}
}

Illustration training and test data come from the ToonOut dataset by Joël Seytre (joelseytre/toonout, CC-BY 4.0).