[python] Change the sudo_if function to avoid issues with Bash

[alexander-smolyakov]

Feature name:

• ghcr.io/devcontainers/features/python

Description:

This PR aims to resolve the No such file or directory error when commands are executed via the sudo_if function.

Changelog:

• Removed double quotes to avoid issues with tokenization;
• Added ability to install the jupyterlab package under root user;
• Fixed jupyterlab tests;
• Added new tests to cover the "install under root user" scenario;

Attached related issue:

• Can't install jupyterlab in debian-slim #588

Checklist:

• Checked that applied changes work as expected

[samruddhikhandale]

Left some minor comments, besides that LGTM

[samruddhikhandale]

Left some minor comments, besides that LGTM

[samruddhikhandale]

Thank you! 🚢