[powershell] - Add lts, stable and preview, also remove deprecated versions.

[Kaniska244]

Ref: #1560

Description:

• Added lts, stable and preview version in proposal and removed deprecated versions. Also added logic to redirect from link provided by Microsoft(such as https://aka.ms/powershell-release?tag=lts) . Microsoft provides redirect links for the LTS, Stable, and Preview versions.

• Additionally the Microsoft packages repo for debian trixie(13) doesn't have the powershell package available unlike other editions of debian/ ubuntu distributions. So, the package has to be downloaded from GitHub repo and installed for debian trixie(13) and the download logic was broken. Fixed that as well as part of this PR.

Changelog:

• Update devcontainer-feature.json to add lts, stable and preview, also remove deprecated versions
• Fixing package download logic from GitHub in the install.sh. Added the redirection logic for lts, stable and preview versions.
• Major version bump.
• Added separate tests.

Checklist:

• All checks are passed.