Crunch 2

An advanced DXTn texture compression library

Table of Contents

• Built Status
• Overview
• Crunch2 VS Crunch
• Installation
• Usage
• Examples
• Known Issues / Bugs
• Contributing
• License

Built Status

Branch	Windows	Linux	macOS
Master
Develop

Overview

Crunch2 is a fork of crunch, a lossy texture compression tool and library for developers that ship content using the DXT1/5/N or 3DC compressed color/normal map/cubemapmipmapped texture formats. It was written by the same author as the open source LZHAM compression library.

It can compress mipmapped 2D textures, normal maps, and cubemaps to approx. 1-1.25 bits/texel, and normal maps to 1.75-2 bits/texel. The actual bitrate depends on the complexity of the texture itself, the specified quality factor/target bitrate, and ultimately on the desired quality needed for a particular texture.

crnlib's differs significantly from other approaches because its compressed texture data format was carefully designed to be quickly transcodable directly to DXTn with no intermediate recompression step. The typical (single threaded) transcode to DXTn rate is generally between 100-250 megatexels/sec. The current library supports PC (Win32/x64) and Xbox 360. Fast random access to individual mipmap levels is supported.

crnlib can also generates standard .DDS files at specified quality setting, which results in files that are much more compressible by LZMA/Deflate/etc. compared to files generated by standard DXTn texture tools (see below). This feature allows easy integration into any engine or graphics library that already supports .DDS files.

The .CRN file format supports the following core DXTn texture formats: DXT1 (but not DXT1A), DXT5, DXT5A, and DXN/3DC

It also supports several popular swizzled variants (several are also supported by AMD's Compressonator): DXT5_XGBR, DXT5_xGxR, DXT5_AGBR, and DXT5_CCxY (experimental luma-chroma YCoCg).

Compression Algorithm Details

The compression process employed in creating both .CRN and clustered .DDS files utilizes a very high quality, scalable DXTn endpoint optimizer capable of processing any number of pixels (instead of the typical hard coded 16), optional adaptive switching between several macroblock sizes/configurations (currently any combination of 4x4, 8x4, 4x8, and 8x8 pixel blocks), endpoint clusterization using top-down cluster analysis, vector quantization (VQ) of the selector indices, and several custom algorithms for compressing the resulting endpoint/selector codebooks and macroblock indices. Multiple feedback passes are performed between the clusterization and VQ steps to optimize quality, and several steps use a brute force refinement approach to improve quality. The majority of compression steps are multithreaded.

The .CRN format currently utilizes canonical Huffman coding for speed (similar to Deflate but with much larger tables), but the next major version will also utilize adaptive binary arithmetic coding and higher order context modeling using already developed tech from the my LZHAM compression library.

Supported File Formats

crnlib supports two compressed texture file formats. The first format (clustered .DDS) is simple to integrate into an existing project (typically, no code changes are required), but it doesn't offer the highest quality/compression ratio that crnlib is capable of. Integrating the second, higher quality custom format (.CRN) requires a few typically straightforward engine modifications to integrate the .CRN->DXTn transcoder header file library into your tools/engine.

.DDS

crnlib can compress textures to standard DX9-style .DDS files using clustered DXTn compression, which is a subset of the approach used to create .CRN files.(For completeness, crnlib also supports vanilla, block by block DXTn compression too, but that's not very interesting.) Clustered DXTn compressed .DDS files are much more compressible than files created by other libraries/tools. Apart from increased compressibility, the .DDS files generated by this process are completely standard so they should be fairly easy to add to a project with little to no code changes.

To actually benefit from clustered DXTn .DDS files, your engine needs to further losslessly compress the .DDS data generated by crnlib using a lossless codec such as zlib, lzo, LZMA, LZHAM, etc. Most likely, your engine does this already. (If not, you definitely should because DXTn compressed textures generally contain a large amount of highly redundant data.)

Clustered .DDS files are intended to be the simplest/fastest way to integrate crnlib's tech into a project.

.CRN

The second, better, option is to compress your textures to .CRN files using crnlib. To read the resulting .CRN data, you must add the .CRN transcoder library (located in the included single file, stand-alone header file library inc/crn_decomp.h) into your application. .CRN files provide noticeably higher quality at the same effective bitrate compared to clustered DXTn compressed .DDS files. Also, .CRN files don't require further lossless compression because they're already highly compressed.

.CRN files are a bit more difficult/risky to integrate into a project, but the resulting compression ratio and quality is superior vs. clustered .DDS files.

.KTX

crnlib and crunch can read/write the .KTX file format in various pixel formats. Rate distortion optimization (clustered DXTc compression) is not yet supported when writing .KTX files.

The .KTX file format is just like .DDS, except it's a fairly well specified standard created by the Khronos Group. Unfortunately, almost all of the tools I've found that support .KTX are fairly (to very) buggy, or are limited to only a handful of pixel formats, so there's no guarantee that the .KTX files written by crnlib can be reliably read by other tools.

Crunch2 VS Crunch

Crunch2 is a fork of crunch, the lossy texture compression tool written by Richard Geldreich, Jr.

Crunch2 provides some features to its predecessor:

• Updates and bug fixes
• Shared library
• Support for Linux and macOS
• CI pipeline
• Easy build with CMake
• Dependency management with Conan

Crunch2 isn't a rewrite of crunch, just an improvement. Our main goal is to keep the compatibility with the old crnlib API.

Installation

From binary

Download Crunch2 binary from GitHub releases page. Each release provides binaries for Windows, Linux and macOS.

Building from source

1. Install the prerequisites.

   • CMake

2. Download Crunch2 sources from GitHub and unpack the distribution archive somewhere on disk.

3. Generate build files with CMake.

   cmake -S . -B build -DCRN_BUILD_SHARED_LIBS=ON

4. Build crunch2 with the generated build files or use CMake.

   cmake --build build

5. (Optional) Export distribution files with install target or use CMake (You must provide CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX).

   cmake --install build

Compile to Javascript with Emscripten

1. Download and install Emscripten

2. Download Crunch2 sources from GitHub and unpack the distribution archive somewhere on disk.

3. From the root directory, run:

   emcc -O3 emscripten/crunch_lib.cpp -I./inc -s EXPORTED_FUNCTIONS="['_malloc', '_free', '_crn_get_width', '_crn_get_height', '_crn_get_levels', '_crn_get_dxt_format', '_crn_get_bytes_per_block', '_crn_get_uncompressed_size', '_crn_decompress']" -s NO_EXIT_RUNTIME=1 -s NO_FILESYSTEM=1 -s ELIMINATE_DUPLICATE_FUNCTIONS=1 -s ALLOW_MEMORY_GROWTH=1 --memory-init-file 0 -o crunch.js

Usage

Creating compressed textures with the Command Line Tool

The simplest way to create compressed textures using crnlib is to integrate the crunch command line tool into your texture build toolchain or export process. It can write DXTn compressed 2D/cubemap textures to regular DXTn compressed .DDS, clustered (or reduced entropy) DXTn compressed .DDS, or .CRN files. It can also transcode or decompress files to several standard image formats, such as TGA or BMP. Run crunch with no options for help.

The .CRN files created by crunch can be efficiently transcoded to DXTn using the CRN transcoding library, located in full source form under inc/crn_decomp.h.

Here are a few examples:

• Compress blah.tga to blah.dds using normal DXT1 compression:

  crunch -file blah.tga -fileformat dds -dxt1
  

• Compress blah.tga to blah.dds using clustered DXT1 at an effective bitrate of 1.5 bits/texel, display image statistic:

  crunch -file blah.tga -fileformat dds -dxt1 -bitrate 1.5 -imagestats
  

• Compress blah.tga to blah.dds using clustered DXT1 at quality level 100 (from [0,255]), with no mipmaps, display LZMA statistics:

  crunch -file blah.tga -fileformat dds -dxt1 -quality 100 -mipmode none -lzmastats
  

• Compress blah.tga to blah.crn using clustered DXT1 at a bitrate of 1.2 bits/texel, no mipmaps:

  crunch -file blah.tga -dxt1 -bitrate 1.2 -mipmode none
  

• Decompress blah.dds to a .tga file:

  crunch -file blah.dds -fileformat tga
  

• Transcode blah.crn to a .dds file:

  crunch -file blah.crn
  

• Decompress blah.crn, writing each mipmap level to a separate .tga file:

  crunch -split -file blah.crn -fileformat tga
  

crunch can do a lot more, like rescale/crop images before compression, convert images from one file format to another, compare images, process multiple images, etc.

Using crnlib

The most flexible and powerful way of using crnlib is to integrate the library into your editor/toolchain/etc. and directly supply it your raw/source texture 3 bits. See the C-style API's and comments in inc/crnlib.h.

To compress, you basically fill in a few structs in and call one function:

void *crn_compress(const crn_comp_params &comp_params,
                   crn_uint32 &compressed_size,
                   crn_uint32 *pActual_quality_level = NULL,
                   float *pActual_bitrate = NULL);

Or, if you want crnlib to also generate mipmaps, you call this function:

void *crn_compress(const crn_comp_params &comp_params,
                   const crn_mipmap_params &mip_params,
                   crn_uint32 &compressed_size,
                   crn_uint32 *pActual_quality_level = NULL,
                   float *pActual_bitrate = NULL);

You can also transcode/uncompress .DDS/.CRN files to raw 32bpp images using crn_decompress_crn_to_dds() and crn_decompress_dds_to_images().

Internally, crnlib just uses inc/crn_decomp.h to transcode textures to DXTn. If you only need to transcode .CRN format files to raw DXTn bits at runtime (and not compress), you don't actually need to compile or link against crnlib at all. Just include inc/crn_decomp.h, which contains a completely self-contained CRN transcoder in the "crnd" namespace. The crnd_get_texture_info(), crnd_unpack_begin(), crnd_unpack_level(), etc. functions are all you need to efficiently get at the raw DXTn bits, which can be directly supplied to whatever API or GPU you're using. (See example2.)

Examples

Building

Use CRN_BUILD_EXAMPLES with cmake:

cmake -S . -B build -DCRN_BUILD_EXAMPLES=ON

example1

Demonstrates how to use crnlib's high-level C-helper compression/decompression/transcoding functions in inc/crnlib.h. It's a fairly complete example of crnlib's functionality.

example2

Shows how to transcodec .CRN files to .DDS using only the functionality in inc/crn_decomp.h. It does not link against against crnlib.lib or depend on it in any way. (Note: The complete source code, approx. 4800 lines, to the CRN transcoder is included in inc/crn_decomp.h.)

example2 is intended to show how simple it is to integrate CRN textures into your application.

example3

Shows how to use the regular, low-level DXTn block compressor functions in inc/crnlib.h. This functionality is included for completeness. (Your engine or toolchain most likely already has its own DXTn compressor. crnlib's compressor is typically very competitive or superior to most available closed and open source CPU-based compressors.)

Known Issues / Bugs

• crnlib currently assumes you'll be further losslessly compressing its output .DDS files using LZMA. However, some engines use weaker codecs such as LZO, zlib, or custom codecs, so crnlib's bitrate measurements will be inaccurate. It should be easy to allow the caller to plug-in custom lossless compressors for bitrate measurement.

• Compressing to a desired bitrate can be time consuming, especially when processing large (2k or 4k) images to the .CRN format. There are several high-level optimizations employed when compressing to clustered DXTn .DDS files using multiple trials, but not so for .CRN.

• The .CRN compressor does not currently use 3 color (transparent) DXT1 blocks at all, only 4 color blocks. So it doesn't support DXT1A transparency, and its output quality suffers a little due to this limitation. (Note that the clustered DXTn compressor used when writing clustered .DDS files does not have this limitation.)

• Clustered DXT5/DXT5A compressor is able to group DXT5A blocks into clusters only if they use absolute (black/white) selector indices. This hurts performance at very low bitrates, because too many bits are effectively given to alpha.

• DXT3 is not supported when writing .CRN or clustered DXTn DDS files. (DXT3 is supported by crnlib's when compressing to regular DXTn DDS files.) You'll get DXT5 files if you request DXT3. However, DXT3 is supported by the regular DXTn block compressor. (DXT3's 4bpp fixed alpha sucks verses DXT5 alpha blocks, so I don't see this as a bug deal.)

• The DXT5_CCXY format uses a simple YCoCg encoding that is workable but hasn't been tuned for max. quality yet.

• Clustered (or rate distortion optimized) DXTc compression is only supported when writing to .DDS, not .KTX. Also, only plain block by block compression is supported when writing to ETC1, and .CRN does not support ETC1.

Contributing

Please read CONTRIBUTING.md for details on our code of conduct, and the process for submitting pull requests to us.

License

This project is licensed under the Zlib License - see the LICENSE.md file for details.

Copyright (c) 2010-2016 Richard Geldreich, Jr. and Binomial LLC
Copyright (c) 2020 FrozenStorm Interactive, Yoann Potinet

Portions of this software make use of public domain code originally written by Igor Pavlov (LZMA), and Sean Barrett (stb) and Fabian "ryg" Giesen (stb_dxt).