add answers to exercise 1-7 chapter 3

src/main/scala/org/learningconcurrency/exercises/ch3/ex1.scala

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+package org.learningconcurrency
+package exercises
+package ch3
+
+
+/**
+ * Implement a custom ExecutionContext class called PiggybackContext,
+ * which executes Runnable objects on the same thread that calls execute.
+ * Ensure that a Runnable object executing on the PiggybackContext
+ * can also call execute and that exceptions are properly reported.
+ */
+
+import scala.util.{Failure, Success, Try}
+
+object Ex1 extends App {
+
+  import scala.concurrent._
+
+  class PiggybackContext extends ExecutionContext {
+
+    override def execute(runnable: Runnable): Unit = Try(runnable.run()) match {
+      case Success(r) => log("result: OK")
+      case Failure(e) => reportFailure(e)
+    }
+
+    override def reportFailure(cause: Throwable): Unit = {
+      log(s"error: ${cause.getMessage}")
+    }
+  }
+
+  val e = new PiggybackContext
+
+  e.execute(new Runnable {
+    override def run(): Unit = {
+      log("run (exception)")
+      throw new Exception("test exception")
+    }
+  })
+
+  e.execute(new Runnable {
+    override def run(): Unit = {
+      log("run")
+    }
+  })
+
+
+
+
+}

src/main/scala/org/learningconcurrency/exercises/ch3/ex2.scala

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+package org.learningconcurrency
+package exercises
+package ch3
+
+/**
+ * Implement a TreiberStack class, which implements a concurrent stack abstraction:
+ *  class TreiberStack[T] {
+ *    def push(x: T): Unit = ???
+ *       def pop(): T = ???
+ *  }
+ * Use an atomic reference variable that points to a linked list of nodes that were previously pushed to the stack.
+ * Make sure that your implementation is lock-free and not susceptible to the ABA problem.
+ */
+
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference
+
+import scala.annotation.tailrec
+
+object Ex2 extends App {
+
+  class TreiberStack[T] {
+
+    var r = new AtomicReference[List[T]](List.empty[T])
+
+    @tailrec
+    final def push(x: T): Unit = {
+      val oldList = r.get
+      val newList = x::oldList
+      if (!r.compareAndSet(oldList,newList)) push(x)
+    }
+
+    @tailrec
+    final def pop(): T = {
+      val oldList = r.get
+      val newList = oldList.tail
+      if (r.compareAndSet(oldList,newList)) oldList.head
+      else pop()
+    }
+
+  }
+
+  import org.learningconcurrency.ch2._
+
+  val s = new TreiberStack[Int]
+
+  val t1 = thread {
+    for (i <- 1 to 10) {
+      s.push(i)
+      Thread.sleep(1)
+    }
+  }
+
+  val t2 = thread  {
+    for (i <- 1 to 10) {
+      s.push(i*10)
+      Thread.sleep(1)
+    }
+  }
+
+  t1.join()
+  t2.join()
+
+  for (i <- 1 to 20)
+    log(s"s[$i] = ${s.pop()}")
+
+
+}

src/main/scala/org/learningconcurrency/exercises/ch3/ex3_4.scala

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+package org.learningconcurrency
+package exercises
+package ch3
+
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference
+
+import org.learningconcurrency.ch2._
+
+import scala.annotation.tailrec
+
+/**
+ * Implement a ConcurrentSortedList class, which implements a concurrent
+ *
+ * class ConcurrentSortedList[T](implicit val ord: Ordering[T]) {
+ * def add(x: T): Unit = ???
+ * def iterator: Iterator[T] = ???
+ * }
+ *
+ * Under the hood, the ConcurrentSortedList class should use a linked list of atomic references.
+ * Ensure that your implementation is lock-free and avoids ABA problems.
+ * The Iterator object returned by the iterator method must correctly traverse the elements of the list
+ * in the ascending order under the assumption that there are no concurrent invocations of the add method.
+ *
+ * If required, modify the ConcurrentSortedList class from the previous example so 
+ * that calling the add method has the running time linear to the length of the list 
+ * and creates a constant number of new objects when there are no retries due to concurrent add invocations.
+ */
+
+
+object Ex3_4 extends App {
+
+  class ConcurrentSortedList[T](implicit val ord: Ordering[T]) {
+
+    private val h: AtomicReference[Option[T]] = new AtomicReference[Option[T]](None)
+    private val t: AtomicReference[Option[ConcurrentSortedList[T]]] = new AtomicReference[Option[ConcurrentSortedList[T]]](None)
+
+    @tailrec
+    private def addToTail(x: T): Unit = {
+      val v = t.get
+      v match {
+        case Some(p) => p.add(x)
+        case None => {
+          val l = new ConcurrentSortedList[T]
+          l.h.set(Some(x))
+          if (!t.compareAndSet(v, Some(l))) addToTail(x)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    @tailrec
+    final def add(x: T): Unit = {
+      val optV = h.get
+
+      optV match {
+        case Some(v) => {
+          if (ord.compare(v, x) >= 0) {
+            if (h.compareAndSet(optV, Some(x))) addToTail(v)
+            else add(x)
+          } else addToTail(x)
+        }
+        case None => {
+          if (!h.compareAndSet(optV, Some(x)))
+            add(x)
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    def iterator: Iterator[T] = new Iterator[T] {
+
+      var rIter: Option[ConcurrentSortedList[T]] = Some(ConcurrentSortedList.this)
+
+      override def hasNext: Boolean = rIter.isEmpty == false
+
+      override def next(): T = {
+
+        rIter match {
+          case Some(r) => {
+            rIter = r.t.get
+            r.h.get match {
+              case Some(v) => v
+              case None => throw new NoSuchElementException("next on empty iterator")
+            }
+          }
+          case None => throw new NoSuchElementException("next on empty iterator")
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+  }
+
+  val csl = new ConcurrentSortedList[Int]()
+
+
+  (1 to 10).map((i) => thread {
+    Thread.sleep((Math.random() * 100).toInt)
+    for (i <- 1 to 10)
+      csl.add((math.random * 100 + i).toInt)
+  }
+  ).foreach(_.join)
+
+  log(s"length = ${csl.iterator.length}")
+
+  for (a <- csl.iterator) {
+    log(a.toString)
+  }
+
+}

src/main/scala/org/learningconcurrency/exercises/ch3/ex5.scala

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+package org.learningconcurrency
+package exercises
+package ch3
+
+/**
+ * Implement a LazyCell class with the following interface:
+ *
+ * class LazyCell[T](initialization: =>T) {
+ * def apply(): T = ???
+ * }
+ *
+ * Creating a LazyCell object and calling the apply method must have the
+ * same semantics as declaring a lazy value and reading it, respectively.
+ * You are not allowed to use lazy values in your implementation.
+ *
+ */
+
+object Ex5 extends App {
+
+  class LazyCellWithLazy[T](initialization: => T) {
+    lazy val l = initialization
+  }
+
+  class LazyCell[T](initialization: => T) {
+
+    @volatile
+    var r: Option[T] = None
+
+    def apply(): T = r match {
+      case Some(v) => v
+      case None => this synchronized {
+        r match {
+          case Some(v) => v
+          case None => {
+            r = Some(initialization)
+            r.get
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  def func = {
+    log("start...")
+    Thread.sleep(10000)
+    s"Calculation by ${Thread.currentThread().getName}"
+  }
+
+  val a = new LazyCell[String](func)
+
+  import org.learningconcurrency.ch2._
+
+  log("Start")
+
+  val b = new LazyCellWithLazy[String](func)
+
+  (0 to 50).
+    map((i) => thread({
+    Thread.sleep((Math.random * 10).toInt)
+    println(a.apply)
+  })).
+    foreach(_.join)
+
+}

src/main/scala/org/learningconcurrency/exercises/ch3/ex6.scala

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+package org.learningconcurrency
+package exercises
+package ch3
+
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference
+
+import scala.annotation.tailrec
+
+/**
+ * Implement a PureLazyCell class with the same interface and semantics as the LazyCell class from the previous exercise.
+ * The PureLazyCell class assumes that the initialization parameter does not cause side effects,
+ * so it can be evaluated more than once.
+ * The apply method must be lock-free and should call the initialization as little as possible.
+ */
+
+object Ex6 extends App {
+
+  class PureLazyCell[T](initialization: => T) {
+
+    val r = new AtomicReference[Option[T]](None)
+
+    @tailrec
+    final def apply(): T = r.get match {
+      case Some(v) => v
+      case None => {
+        val v = initialization
+        if (!r.compareAndSet(None, Some(v))) apply()
+        else v
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  def initialization = {
+    log("calculation ...")
+    Thread.sleep(1000)
+    s"result (calculate by ${Thread.currentThread().getName})"
+  }
+
+  val p = new PureLazyCell[String](initialization)
+
+  import org.learningconcurrency.ch2.thread
+
+  log("start")
+
+  val t = (1 to 10).map((i) => thread {
+    val sleep = (Math.random * 10000).toInt
+    Thread.sleep(sleep)
+
+    (1 to 3).foreach((i) => log(s"v$i = ${p.apply}"))
+  })
+
+  t.foreach(_.join)
+
+}