release-22.1: sql/catalog/tabledesc: permit zero-valued column IDs in DependedOnBy

[blathers-crl]

Backport 1/1 commits from #82833 on behalf of @ajwerner.

/cc @cockroachdb/release

---

In 21.1 there was a bug whereby we would store a 0-value column ID in the
sequence's DependedOnBy because we'd add the depedency before allocating
an ID to the column. This bug was fixed in 21.2. Below is a reproduction
I've used to play with this bug:

roachprod wipe local
roachprod stage local release v21.1.3
roachprod run local -- mv cockroach cockroach-v21.1.3
roachprod stage local release v21.2.10
roachprod run local -- mv cockroach cockroach-v21.2.10
roachprod stage local release v22.1.1
roachprod run local -- mv cockroach cockroach-v22.1.1
roachprod start local --binary cockroach-v21.1.3
roachprod sql local -- -e "create table t1( i int primary key);
                           create table t2(i int primary key);
                           create sequence s1;
                           create sequence s2;
                           ALTER TABLE t1 ADD c1 BIGINT DEFAULT nextval('s1') NOT NULL;
                           ALTER TABLE t1 ADD c2 BIGINT DEFAULT nextval('s2') NOT NULL;
                           ALTER TABLE t2 ADD c1 BIGINT DEFAULT nextval('s1') NOT NULL;"
roachprod stop local
roachprod start local --binary cockroach-v21.2.10
while ! { roachprod sql local -- -e 'show cluster setting version' | grep 21.2 ; }; do sleep 1; done

roachprod sql local -- -e "alter table t1 add column c3 int default nextval('s1');
                           create table t3 (i int primary key);
                           alter table t3 add column c1 int default nextval('s1');"

roachprod stop local
roachprod start local --binary cockroach-v22.1.1
while ! { roachprod sql local -- -e 'show cluster setting version' | grep 22.1 ; }; do sleep 1; done

For now, for the rest of 22.1 we'll let this slide. As follow-up work, we'll
perform a migration to repair this situation and add back this validation once
the migration has been performed.

Relates to #82576.

Release note (bug fix): In earlier 22.1 releases of cockroach, added validation
could cause problems for descriptors which carried invalid backreferences due
to an earlier bug in 21.1. This stricter validation could result in a variety
of query failures. This patch weakens the validation to permit the corruption
as we know it. A subsequent patch in 22.2 will be created to repair the invalid
reference.

---

Release justification: This bug can cause incompatibilities when upgrading from an earlier version to 22.1.

[blathers-crl]

Thanks for opening a backport.

Please check the backport criteria before merging:

• Patches should only be created for serious issues or test-only changes.
• Patches should not break backwards-compatibility.
• Patches should change as little code as possible.
• Patches should not change on-disk formats or node communication protocols.
• Patches should not add new functionality.
• Patches must not add, edit, or otherwise modify cluster versions; or add version gates.

If some of the basic criteria cannot be satisfied, ensure that the exceptional criteria are satisfied within.

• There is a high priority need for the functionality that cannot wait until the next release and is difficult to address in another way.
• The new functionality is additive-only and only runs for clusters which have specifically “opted in” to it (e.g. by a cluster setting).
• New code is protected by a conditional check that is trivial to verify and ensures that it only runs for opt-in clusters.
• The PM and TL on the team that owns the changed code have signed off that the change obeys the above rules.

Add a brief release justification to the body of your PR to justify this backport.

Some other things to consider:

• What did we do to ensure that a user that doesn’t know & care about this backport, has no idea that it happened?
• Will this work in a cluster of mixed patch versions? Did we test that?
• If a user upgrades a patch version, uses this feature, and then downgrades, what happens?

[cockroach-teamcity]

This change is