Add Validation to Column Constructor

[turingcompl33t]

The CTE PR added a new constructor for the Column type but neglected to include a call to Column::Validate() to validate instances upon construction. This PR adds this missing validation step.

[noisepage-checks]

Minor Decrease in Performance

Be warned: this PR may have decreased the throughput of the system slightly.

tps (%change)	benchmark_type	wal_device	details
-2.64%	tpcc	RAM disk	Details master tps=23290.82, commit tps=22676.77, query_mode=extended, benchmark_type=tpcc, scale_factor=32.0000, terminals=32, client_time=60, weights={'Payment': 43, 'Delivery': 4, 'NewOrder': 45, 'StockLevel': 4, 'OrderStatus': 4}, wal_device=RAM disk, max_connection_threads=32
-1.5%	tpcc	None	Details master tps=29928.3, commit tps=29478.48, query_mode=extended, benchmark_type=tpcc, scale_factor=32.0000, terminals=32, client_time=60, weights={'Payment': 43, 'Delivery': 4, 'NewOrder': 45, 'StockLevel': 4, 'OrderStatus': 4}, wal_device=None, max_connection_threads=32
0.01%	tpcc	HDD	Details master tps=22270.74, commit tps=22274.05, query_mode=extended, benchmark_type=tpcc, scale_factor=32.0000, terminals=32, client_time=60, weights={'Payment': 43, 'Delivery': 4, 'NewOrder': 45, 'StockLevel': 4, 'OrderStatus': 4}, wal_device=HDD, max_connection_threads=32
4.57%	tatp	RAM disk	Details master tps=6708.41, commit tps=7015.21, query_mode=extended, benchmark_type=tatp, scale_factor=1.0000, terminals=16, client_time=60, weights={'GetAccessData': 35, 'UpdateLocation': 14, 'GetNewDestination': 10, 'GetSubscriberData': 35, 'DeleteCallForwarding': 2, 'InsertCallForwarding': 2, 'UpdateSubscriberData': 2}, wal_device=RAM disk, max_connection_threads=32
1.52%	tatp	None	Details master tps=7614.91, commit tps=7730.55, query_mode=extended, benchmark_type=tatp, scale_factor=1.0000, terminals=16, client_time=60, weights={'GetAccessData': 35, 'UpdateLocation': 14, 'GetNewDestination': 10, 'GetSubscriberData': 35, 'DeleteCallForwarding': 2, 'InsertCallForwarding': 2, 'UpdateSubscriberData': 2}, wal_device=None, max_connection_threads=32
5.64%	tatp	HDD	Details master tps=6553.99, commit tps=6923.8, query_mode=extended, benchmark_type=tatp, scale_factor=1.0000, terminals=16, client_time=60, weights={'GetAccessData': 35, 'UpdateLocation': 14, 'GetNewDestination': 10, 'GetSubscriberData': 35, 'DeleteCallForwarding': 2, 'InsertCallForwarding': 2, 'UpdateSubscriberData': 2}, wal_device=HDD, max_connection_threads=32

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #1627 (9b0512c) into master (ab85c96) will increase coverage by 0.05%.
The diff coverage is 100.00%.

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master    #1627      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   80.76%   80.82%   +0.05%     
==========================================
  Files         774      774              
  Lines       55360    55360              
==========================================
+ Hits        44713    44742      +29     
+ Misses      10647    10618      -29     

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
src/include/catalog/schema.h	97.08% <100.00%> (ø)
src/execution/sema/sema_decl.cpp	79.24% <0.00%> (-1.89%)	⬇️
src/storage/index/hash_index.cpp	91.13% <0.00%> (ø)
src/execution/sema/sema_builtin.cpp	60.54% <0.00%> (ø)
src/execution/vm/bytecode_generator.cpp	84.00% <0.00%> (+0.04%)	⬆️
src/include/storage/index/bplustree.h	92.06% <0.00%> (+0.10%)	⬆️
src/traffic_cop/traffic_cop.cpp	68.91% <0.00%> (+0.64%)	⬆️
src/execution/sema/sema_checking.cpp	72.84% <0.00%> (+0.66%)	⬆️
src/storage/garbage_collector.cpp	94.21% <0.00%> (+0.82%)	⬆️
...xecution/compiler/operator/operator_translator.cpp	62.71% <0.00%> (+0.84%)	⬆️
... and 6 more

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