Tour the web app here.
Please cite Buelow et al. (2023) 'Enabling conservation Theories of Change' if you use output from this app.
Find additional data and code for all analyses here.
About | Indicators and data sources for enabling mechanisms | License
Conservation requires policy, regulatory and engagement mechanisms that enable effective action. We used 19 indicators of enabling mechanisms to group countries across the world into six Enabling Profiles.
Each Enabling Profile represents distinct enabling conditions for vegetated coastal wetland conservation (i.e., mangroves, seagrass and saltmarsh).
Use the app to explore Enabling Profiles and case-study examples of conservation implementation pathways for mangroves and seagrass.
Indicators and data sources for enabling mechanisms {#indicators-and-data-sources-for-enabling-mechanisms}
| Category | Indicator | Description | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Policy | Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) commitment | The commitment of a country to reducing green-house gas emissions, pledged as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) | Watson, R., McCarthy, J.J., Canziani P., Nakicenovic, N., Hisas, L. 2019. The truth behind the climate pledges. The Universal Ecological Fund (FEU-US) |
| Policy | Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) mitigation | Whether coastal wetlands are included in a country's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) mitigation strategy | Herr, D., & Landis, E. 2016. Coastal blue carbon ecosystems Opportunities for Nationally Determined Contributions. Policy brief. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN and Washington, DC, USA: TNC. Retrieved from www.bluecsolutions.org |
| Policy | Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) adaptation | Whether coastal wetlands are included in a country's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) adaptation strategy | Herr, D., & Landis, E. 2016. Coastal blue carbon ecosystems Opportunities for Nationally Determined Contributions. Policy brief. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN and Washington, DC, USA: TNC. Retrieved from www.bluecsolutions.org |
| Policy | Multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) | Cumulative count of a country's multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) since the year of its first MEA membership until 2019 | Ronald B. Mitchell. 2020. IEA Membership Count Dataset from the International Environmental Agreements Database Project (Version 20200214). Eugene: IEADB Project. Dataset generated on: 14 February 2020 |
| Policy | Bilateral environmental agreements (BEAs) | Cumulative count of a country's bilateral environmental agreements (BEAs) since the year of its first BEA membership until 2019 | Ronald B. Mitchell. 2020. IEA Membership Count Dataset from the International Environmental Agreements Database Project (Version 20200214). Eugene: IEADB Project. Dataset generated on: 14 February 2020 |
| Policy | Governance effectiveness | Composite indicator of the quality of a country's public services, civil service, degree of its independence from political pressures, quality of policy formulation and implementation, and credibility of its government's commitment to such policies | Worldwide Governance Indicators, The World Bank. 2019. www.govindicators.org, accessed on [24/11/2020] |
| Policy | Marine protected areas (MPA) target | The percent of a country's Economic Exclusion Zone (EEZ) set aside as a marine protected area | Wendling, Z., Emerson, J., de Sherbinin, A., and Esty, D. 2020. Environmental Performance Index 2020. New Haven, CT: Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy. Retrieved from epi.yale.edu |
| Policy | Ramsar protection | The area of coastal wetlands under Ramsar jurisdiction in a country standardised by coastline length | The Ramsar Convention Secretariat. 2014. https://rsis.ramsar.org/, accessed on [04/04/2021] |
| Regulation | Ramsar management | Whether a country has Ramsar-listed coastal wetland sites (i.e., intertidal marshes, intertidal forested wetlands, and marine subtidal aquatic beds) with management plans implemented (0 = no, 1 = yes) | The Ramsar Convention Secretariat. 2014. https://rsis.ramsar.org/, accessed on [04/04/2021] |
| Regulation | Regulatory quality | A composite indicator of regulatory quality that represent the ability of a country's government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development | Worldwide Governance Indicators, The World Bank. 2019. www.govindicators.org, accessed on [24/11/2020] |
| Regulation | Wastewater treatment | The percentage of wastewater that undergoes at least primary treatment in each country, normalised by the proportion of the population connected to a municipal wastewater collection system | Wendling, Z., Emerson, J., de Sherbinin, A., & Esty, D. 2020. Environmental Performance Index 2020. New Haven, CT: Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy. Retrieved from epi.yale.edu |
| Regulation | Sustainable nitrogen use | How far a country is from achieving sustainable nitrogen use for crop fertilisation | Wendling, Z., Emerson, J., de Sherbinin, A., & Esty, D. 2020. Environmental Performance Index 2020. New Haven, CT: Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy. Retrieved from epi.yale.edu |
| Regulation | Sulphur dioxide emission reduction | The average annual rate of increase or decrease in SO2 | Wendling, Z., Emerson, J., de Sherbinin, A., & Esty, D. 2020. Environmental Performance Index 2020. New Haven, CT: Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy. Retrieved from epi.yale.edu |
| Regulation | Nitrous oxide emission reduction | The average annual rate of increase or decrease in N2O | Wendling, Z., Emerson, J., de Sherbinin, A., & Esty, D. 2020. Environmental Performance Index 2020. New Haven, CT: Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy. Retrieved from epi.yale.edu |
| Regulation | Environmental taxes | A measure of the number of taxes, charges, or fees for the following categories: 1) environmental management, 2) air pollution, 3) energy, 4) noise pollution, 5) fossil fuels, 6) transport management, 7) waste management, and 8) water management | OECD, Policy Instruments for the Environment (PINE) Database, http://oe.cd/pine , accessed on [24/11/2020] |
| Engagement | Conservation spending | Average annual conservation investment (I$m) for countries that are signatories to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) | Waldron, A., Miller, D. C., Redding, D., Mooers, A., Kuhn, T. S., Nibbelink, N., Roberts, J. T., Tobias, J. A., & Gittleman, J. L. 2017. Reductions in global biodiversity loss predicted from conservation spending. Nature, 551, 364--367. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24295 |
| Engagement | Biodiversity projects | The number of biodiversity-related conservation projects in a developing country that are receiving funding from OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries, standardised by country area (km2) | http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/biodiversity.htm, accessed on [24/11/2020] |
| Engagement | Environmental NGO projects | The number of environmental NGO aid projects in a country standardised by country area (km2). Note that data is provided on a voluntary basis and so is not fully comprehensive | https://ngoaidmap.org/, accessed on [24/11/2020] |
| Engagement | Biodiversity engagement | A score based on the number of times biodiversity key words have been sourced from twitter, online newspapers and google in a country (per month) | http://biodiversityengagementindicator.com/, accessed on [24/11/2020] |