bug: asdf install leaves packages in corrupt state

[aep-sunlife]

Describe the Bug

When an ASDF package install fails, such as Python 3.12.1, then ASDF leaves the package in a corrupt state.

This can happen for example when an install initiates without prerequisite C compiler components.

Then ASDF emits spurious messages:

$ asdf install python 3.12.1
version 3.12.1 of python is already installed

That's probably not true; Python is not fully installed, because the earlier installation attempt failed with C compilation errors.

ASDF can do a better job cleaning up after itself when an installation fails.

Steps to Reproduce

1. Ensure C compiler not installed.
2. Attempt Python installation.
3. Reattempt Python installation.

Expected Behaviour

ASDF should recognize that Python is NOT installed.

Actual Behaviour

ASDF pretends that Python is installed.

Environment

Lost, already uninstalled ASDF.

asdf plugins affected (if relevant)

Python, and likely other plugins as well.

[andrecloutier]

This will be fixed by #2024 in the next release.

[Stratus3D]

Closing as #2024 is already present in the latest patch release.