[FEATURE] Support Apache Doris Catalog

[zhoukangcn]

Describe the feature

Support Apache Doris as a type of data source.

Motivation

Apache Doris, a popular open source OLAP engine, is widely used in many companies. We should consider supporting Doris as a data source, including features for managing databases, tables, partitions, etc.

Describe the solution

No response

Additional context

No response

SubTask

• [Subtask] Doris docker runtime environment #2221
• [Subtask] optimize start.sh in Doris container #2651
• [Subtask] Free up disk space in github workflow  #2691
• [Subtask] Add the code skeleton for Doris catalog #2551
• [Subtask] add Doris container implement for integration-test #2552
• [Subtask] Refact parameter checking of distribution in catalog jdbc #2553
• [Subtask] Add database operations for Doris Catalog #2571
• [Subtask] add table operations for Doris catalog #2572
• [Subtask] improve Doris container to avoid unstable CI #2811
• [Subtask] Add E2E integration test for Doris catalog #2877
• [Subtask] Add document about Doris catalog #2879
• [Subtask] Optimize the Doris container to suit container log upload #2886
• [Subtask] Add web UI support for Doris catalog #3048