[feature-wip](multi-catalog) support to switch catalog

[AshinGau]

Usage:

set enable_multi_catalog = true in fe.conf to enable multi-catalog.

CREATE CATALOG

create hive catalog

MySQL [tpch1]> create catalog hive properties('type' = 'hms', 'hive.metastore.uris' = 'thrift://192.168.0.1:9083');
MySQL [tpch1]> show catalogs;
+-------------+----------+
| CatalogName | Type     |
+-------------+----------+
| hive        | hms      |
| __internal  | internal |
+-------------+----------+

SWITCH CATALOG

Required Privileges
If catalog does not exist, throw an exception.
The user with catalog-level's show_priv or any privilege of tables or databases within the catalog,
can switch to the catalog.

MySQL [tpch1]> show all grants;
+-----------------------------+----------+-------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+---------------+
| UserIdentity                | Password | GlobalPrivs                   | CatalogPrivs | DatabasePrivs                                                                                                              | TablePrivs | ResourcePrivs |
+-----------------------------+----------+-------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+---------------+
| 'root'@'%'                  | No       | Node_priv Admin_priv  (false) | NULL         | NULL                                                                                                                       | NULL       | NULL          |
| 'admin'@'%'                 | No       | Admin_priv  (false)           | NULL         | NULL                                                                                                                       | NULL       | NULL          |
| 'default_cluster:user1'@'%' | Yes      |  (false)                      | NULL         | __internal.default_cluster:information_schema: Select_priv  (false); __internal.default_cluster:tpch: Select_priv  (false) | NULL       | NULL          |
+-----------------------------+----------+-------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+---------------+

user1 can't switch to hive catalog.

MySQL [(none)]> switch __internal;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
MySQL [(none)]> switch hive;
ERROR 5087 (42000): errCode = 2, detailMessage = Access denied for user 'default_cluster:user1' to catalog 'hive'

Supported
Only grant stmt works now, a user can use two-segment-format 'db.tbl' to grant privileges within the catalog.

// root user
MySQL [tpch1]> switch hive;
grant create_priv on hive_tpch.* to 'user1'@'%';
grant create_priv on *.* to 'user1'@'%';
show all grants;
+-----------------------------+----------+-------------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+---------------+
| UserIdentity                | Password | GlobalPrivs                   | CatalogPrivs               | DatabasePrivs                                                                                                                                                                    | TablePrivs | ResourcePrivs |
+-----------------------------+----------+-------------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+---------------+
| 'root'@'%'                  | No       | Node_priv Admin_priv  (false) | NULL                       | NULL                                                                                                                                                                             | NULL       | NULL          |
| 'admin'@'%'                 | No       | Admin_priv  (false)           | NULL                       | NULL                                                                                                                                                                             | NULL       | NULL          |
| 'default_cluster:user1'@'%' | Yes      |  (false)                      | hive: Create_priv  (false) | __internal.default_cluster:information_schema: Select_priv  (false); __internal.default_cluster:tpch: Select_priv  (false); hive.default_cluster:hive_tpch: Create_priv  (false) | NULL       | NULL          |
+-----------------------------+----------+-------------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+---------------+

SHOW CATALOG(S)

Only the user with privileges the same as switch catalog can get information from show catalog(s)
root user: access to get all information about catalogs.

MySQL [(none)]> show catalogs;
+-------------+----------+
| CatalogName | Type     |
+-------------+----------+
| hive        | hms      |
| __internal  | internal |
| iceberg     | hms      |
+-------------+----------+
MySQL [(none)]> show catalog iceberg;
+-----------------------------+---------------------------+
| Key                         | Value                     |
+-----------------------------+---------------------------+
| iceberg.hive.metastore.uris | thrift://192.168.0.1:9083 |
| type                        | hms                       |
+-----------------------------+---------------------------+

user1: can only get the catalog information of '__internal' and 'hive'.

MySQL [(none)]> show catalogs;
+-------------+----------+
| CatalogName | Type     |
+-------------+----------+
| hive        | hms      |
| __internal  | internal |
+-------------+----------+
MySQL [(none)]> show catalog iceberg;
errCode = 2, detailMessage = Access denied for user 'default_cluster:user1' to catalog 'iceberg'

Checklist(Required)

1. Does it affect the original behavior: (No)
2. Has unit tests been added: (Yes)
3. Has document been added or modified: (No)
4. Does it need to update dependencies: (No)
5. Are there any changes that cannot be rolled back: (No)

Further comments

If this is a relatively large or complex change, kick off the discussion at dev@doris.apache.org by explaining why you chose the solution you did and what alternatives you considered, etc...

[morningman]

LGTM

[github-actions]

PR approved by at least one committer and no changes requested.

[github-actions]

PR approved by anyone and no changes requested.