Implement native function of `quarter`

[slfan1989]

Description

This issue tracks the implementation of the native quarter() function.

Currently, there is no built-in way to directly obtain the quarter of a given date in Auron.
To improve date and time handling capabilities, we plan to introduce a new native function quarter().

This PR serves as a follow-up to #565, which implemented native support for year(), month(), and day() functions.
It extends that work by introducing the quarter() function to provide a more complete set of date extraction capabilities.

Proposed Functionality:

• Function name: quarter(date_expression)
• Return type: INT (1–4)
• Behavior:
  Returns the quarter (Q1–Q4) of the given date.
  Example:

SELECT quarter('2025-03-10');  -- Returns 1
SELECT quarter('2025-08-01');  -- Returns 3

Motivation:

This function enhances date-based analytics by allowing users to easily group or filter records by quarter without complex expressions.